GENDER: PSYCHODYNAMIC EXPLANTION OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

What does freuds gender development theory see children pass through

Answer 1

5 bioloigcally driven psychosexual stages

Question 2

freuds gender development theroy sees kids pass thorugh 5 bioloigcally driven psychosexual stages what do they begin and end with

Answer 2

begin w oral stage

end with genital stage around the time of puberty

Question 3

whats i teh 3rd of the psychosexual stages

Answer 3

phallic stage

Question 4

whats ssignificant about the phallic stage and what age does it occur between

Answer 4

gender develpometn occurs here

between ages of 3-6

Question 5

prior to reaching the phallic stage what do children not have

Answer 5

have no conept of gender idenity

Question 6

why do kids not categorise themselve sor otehr in male/female

Answer 6

because they have no understanding of male and female

Question 7

in the phallic stage the focus of pleasure switches to

Answer 7

the genitals

Question 8

in the phallic stage what do kids expereince

Answer 8

oedipus complex - boys

electra complex - girls

Question 9

describe the oedipus complex and the electra complex in relation to the formation of gender identity

Answer 9

these stages are crucial in the formation of gender identity

Question 10

what is the oedipus complex

Answer 10

when in the phallic stage boys develop incestous feelings towards their mother

Question 11

in the oedipus complex how do biys feel towards there father and why

Answer 11

harbour a jealous and murderous hatred towards their farther

as stand in the way of boy possessing his mother

Question 12

within the oedipus complex why does the boy feel castration anxiety

Answer 12

amidst hating his father

he recognises his father is more powerful than he is

and fears he may be castrated by his father for his feelings towards his mother

Question 13

to resolve the conflict within the oedipus complex what does the boy do

2 marks

Answer 13

boy gives up his love for his mother

begins to identify with his father

Question 14

in the phallic stage wjat complex do girls have

Answer 14

electra complex

Question 15

in the phallic stage Freud suggested girsl experience …

Answer 15

penis envy

Question 16

why do girls expereince penis envy in the phallic stage

Answer 16

see themselves and mum being in competition for their father’s love

Question 17

what type of resentment do girls develop towards their mother

Answer 17

double resentment

Question 18

explain why girls develop a double resentment

2 marks

Answer 18

first: mother is a love rival standing in the way of the father

second : mother is blamed by her daughter for having no penis

Question 19

why is the daughter angry she has no penis

Answer 19

the daughter believes she was castrated by her mother at the same time as the mother castrated herself

Question 20

who didi the concept of electra complex come from

Answer 20

carl jung

Question 21

what did carl jung suggest about the electra complex

3mks

Answer 21

Girls OT come to accept they will never have a penis

and sub penis envy with the desire to hve kdis

therfore identifying woth the mother as a result

Question 22

crux is

Answer 22

descisive or most important issue

Question 23

what is the crux of Freud’s theory

2 marks

Answer 23

kids of both sexes identify (identification) with the same gender parent

as a means of resolving their complexes

Question 24

what do boys and girls adopt

Answer 24

attitudes and values of their same gender parents

Question 25

kids adopting the attitudes and values of their same gender parent’s invovles ……

Answer 25

kdis taking on board the gender identity of their same gender parent

Question 26

what is internalisation (as freud referred to this definition as)

Answer 26

when kids take on board the gender identity of their same gender parent

Question 27

essentially what do boys and girls receive at the end of the phallic stage

2 marks

Answer 27

a second hand gender identity

all at once

Question 28

freud evidence for the oedipus complex was limited but how was he able to illustrate the concept

through …..

Answer 28

case of little hans

Question 29

describe who hans was and what he had a morbid fear

Answer 29

5 year old boy with morbid fear of being bittenby a horse

Question 30

where did hans fear stem from

Answer 30

incident when he’d seen a horse collapse and die in the street

Question 31

what was freud’s interpretation of hans fear of being bitten

Answer 31

represented his fear of castration

(by his father becuase of hans love for his mother)

Question 32

what did freud suggest about hans fear

Answer 32

hans had transferred his fear onto the horses via unconsious defence mechanism of displacement

Question 33

what was hans especially afraid of

Answer 33

horses with black bits around their mouths

Question 34

LIMITATION - lacks scientific rigour

Answer 34

P: One limitation of the research used to support freuds psychoanalytic theory is that it lacks scientific rigour

E: The Oedipus complex occurs at an unconscious level, it is difficult if not impossible to test

E: This contrasts sharply with objective studies such as smith and Lloyd’s controlled observation of gender-appropriate behaviour

L: As a result, freuds psychodynamic theory does not meet the scientific criterion of falsifiability, this affords it the status of pseudo-science rather than a real science

Question 35

LIMITATION - opposing research

Answer 35

P: There is opposing research to freuds psychoanalytical theory of gender from non nuclear families

E: Freud’s theory relies on kids having two parents of diff genders so that they are able to manage the Electra or Oedipus complex effectively

E: However, research has shown that children raised in single-parent families go on to develop normal gender identities, as well as children raised by same sex parents

L: The psychoanalytic theory therefore provides an incomplete explanation of gender as it would assume there would be problems with identification and internalisation

Question 36

STRENGHT - supportin gresearch

Answer 36

Friedman Found that when a story began with a child doing something nice with their opposite-sex parent and then being joined by the same-sex parent, children produced a sadder end to the story than…

• When a story began with a child doing something nice with their same-sex parent and then being joined by the opposite-sex parent.
• Supports the idea that both sexes have more attraction to the opposite-sex parent and more hostility towards the same-sex parent,

supporting the complex theories.