GENDER : INFLUENCE OF CULTURE AND MEDIA ON GENDER ROLES

Question 1

CROSS CULUTURAL RESEARCH IS NOTED FOR ITS VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO

Answer 1

nature nurture debate in gender

Question 2

from cross cultral research if a particular gender role behaviour appears to be consiten across dff cultures what might we conclude

Answer 2

this behaviour reps an innate, biological difference between males and females

Question 3

from cross cultural research if we find some gender role behaviours are culturally spcific what might we assume

Answer 3

influence of shared norms and socialisatin is descive ( the reason (As suggested by SLT))

Question 4

WHAT SIDE OF NURTURE NATURE DEBATE’S CULTURALLY DIFFERENT

Answer 4

NURTURE

Question 5

Describe the earliest cross-cultural studies of gender roles

3 marks
who what where

Answer 5

carried by Margaret mead

of cultural groups

in Papa New Guinea

Question 6

describe the arapesh people in meads study

and what was this similar to

Answer 6

gentle and responsive

similar ot stereotype of femininty in industrialised societies

Question 7

describe the mundugumor people in meads study

and what was this similar to

Answer 7

aggressive and hostile

similar to stereotype of masculinity in industrialsied societies

Question 8

describe how the tchambuli women and men were in meads study

and copmare their behaviour to industrialised societies

Answer 8

women - dominant and organised village life

men - passive and considered to be decorative

these behaviours were the reverse of steroetypes in indsutriaslised societies

Question 9

overall what does mead’s study suggest

Answer 9

there may not be a direct biological relationship between sex and gender

and gender roels may be culturally determined

Question 10

in her later work what did mead concede

Answer 10

she underestimated the universal nature of many gender typical behaviours

Question 11

she conceded xyz but what did she go onto argue

Answer 11

extent to which innate behaviours are expressed is largely the result of cultural norms

Question 12

what side of natrue nurture debate does culture simlarities side with

Answer 12

nature

Question 13

true or false there are many cross cultural similarities in gender roles

Answer 13

T

Question 14

What did david buss 1995 find

Answer 14

consistent patterns in mate preference (a kind of gender role behaviour) in 37 coutnries across all countries

Question 15

what were the mate preferences buss found

men and women …

Answer 15

women - sought men who could offer wealth and resources

men - sought youjh and physical attractiveness

in potential partners

Question 16

what did munrie and munroe study reveal

Answer 16

im most societies the division of labour is organised along gender lines

(men typically breadwinners
women often nurturers)

Question 17

what do the media provide

Answer 17

role models with whom children may identify and want to imitate

Question 18

children are more likely to selct role models who are

3 marks

Answer 18

same gender

engage in steroetypically gender - appropriate behaviour

(as this is more liekly tobe reinforced)

Question 19

there is clear evidence the media provide what kind of gender sterotypes

Answer 19

clear gender stereotypes

that are quite rigid

Question 20

give examples of the clear and quite rigid sterotypes the media provide that was studied by Bussey and Bandura

3 for each gender

Answer 20

men - independent, ambitious, advice givers

women - dependent, unambitious , advice seekers

Question 21

what did a study of tv ads by furnham and Farragher (2000) find

men and women

Answer 21

men more liekly to be shown in autonomus roles withn professional contexts

whereas

women often seen occupying familial roles within domestic settings

Question 22

overall what do the studies of media’s influence on gender show

Answer 22

media play a role in reinforcing widespread social sterotypes concerning gender appropriate behaviour

Question 23

the media does more than confirm gender typical behavour , it also may give info to men and women in terms of

Answer 23

likely success, or otherwise, of adopting these behaviours

Question 24

what does seeing otehr people perform gender appropriate behaviours do to a childs belief

Answer 24

increases the childs belief theyre capable of carrying out such behaviours in the future

Question 25

what did bandura refer to the idea of

seeing other perform gender appropriate behaviours

increases the childs belief theyre capable of carrying out such behaviours in the future

Answer 25

self efficacy

Question 26

what did mitra et al 2019 study do

Answer 26

analysed attitudes of people in India who had watched a program dsigned to challenge deep rooted gender stereotypes

Question 27

what was the programme in mitra’s study

how long did it run for

Answer 27

detective drama

ran for 78 episodes

Question 28

what was the result of mitra study

(effect on girls)

Answer 28

girls who watched the programme were more likely to see themselves as capable of working outside the home than non viewers

Question 29

what can we conclude/suggest from mitras study (effect on girls)

Answer 29

suggests their self efficacy had changed as a result of media influence

Question 30

LIMITATION - CULTURE - IMPOSED ETIC

Answer 30

P: One limitation of MEAD’S research into the impact of CULTURE on gender roles is IMPOSED ETIC

E: This is due to the fact that she was a WESTERN RESEARCHER studying an INDIGENOUS POPULATION , there is a danger that she IMPOSED her own CULTURAL INTERESTS and understanding on the PEOPLE she was STUDYING

E: Furthermore, she used WESTERN METHODS of STUDY, which are assumed to be UNIVERSAL, however they may be MEANINGLESS when transferred to OTHER CULTURES

L: This makes if DIFFICULT to GENERALISE her conclusions about CULTURE as a cause of UNIVERSAL GENDER

What were her methods?

Question 31

LIMITATION - LACKS TEMPORAL VALIDITY

ask miss woodburn

Answer 31

• Globalisation may be lessening the cultural differences in gender role behaviour as Western values start to filter through to non-Western cultures.
• There has also been a global reduction in the differences between masculine and feminine gender roles, implying that socialisation does play a part in gender role development.
• THIS IS A [RPBLEM BECAUSE suggests that MEADS research into gender role differences across cultures may no longer be valid.

Question 32

LIMITATION - MEDIA - CORRELATIONAL

Answer 32

P: One limitation of research useD to support the ROLE of MEDIA on GENDER ROLES is that it is CORRELATIONAL

E: It may be that the MEDIA is the cause of NORMS by depicting MEN and WOMEN in PARTICULAR WAYS

E: However, it’s possible that the MEDIA OUTPUT reflects PREVAILING SOCIAL NORMS about gender

L: Because they correlate in these ways it REDUCES the INTERNAL VALIDITY of conclusions of the MEDIA’S ROLE in gender as CAUSE and EFFECT can’t be ESTABLISHED

Question 33

STRENGTH - culture and emdia help anture and nurture

ICL SLIGHTLY WEIRD

Answer 33

P: A further strength of research into CULTURE and MEDIA is contribution to our understanding of the NATURE - NURTURE DEBATE

E: The fact that CULTURAL DIFFERENCES in gender have been shown and the men and women are STILL PRESENTED in DIFFERENT WAYS in adverts suggests it has a POWERFUL EFFECT on GENDER

E: However, it becomes very difficult to DETERMINE where NATURE stops and NURTURE begins, because as soon as CHILDREN are BORN their SOCIALISATION into a PARTICULAR SOCIETY starts

L: It is likely there is a CONSTANT and COPMLEX INTERACTION of both INFLUENCES, and that each INFLUENCES the other in the DEVELOPMENT of GENDER ROLES

Question 34

strength - APPLICATION

Answer 34

P: One strength of RESEARCH into the IMPACT of media on GENDER is that it can be used to help COUNTER GENDER STEREOTYPES

E: For example, in recent DISNEY MOVIES such as BRAVE and FROZEN, females are presented in NON STEREOTYPICAL roles such as STRONG LEADERS

E: PINGREE(1978) found that adverts with women in NON STEREOTYPICAL ROLES reduced STEREOTYPING in YOUNG GIRLS

L: This reinforces the claim that ADVERTS and FILMS REITERATE the impact that the media has on the ONSET of GENDER

Question 35

In several cultures what is the term third gender is variously applied to individuasl that…

Answer 35

fall outside strict classification of man or woman

Question 36

5 million in in india and pakistan are who live s transgenders are referred to as

Answer 36

hijras

Question 37

hijras are recognised as having what on passports

Answer 37

legal identities

Question 38

what are the fafine of samoa

Answer 38

biological males who adopt traditional gender role of women and are known for their hard work in a domestic context and dedication to the family

Question 39

although fafafine may have sexual relations with non fafafine men theyre not considered ….

and why not

Answer 39

gay

no label exists