GENDER : INFLUENCE OF CULTURE AND MEDIA ON GENDER ROLES Flashcards
CROSS CULUTURAL RESEARCH IS NOTED FOR ITS VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO
nature nurture debate in gender
from cross cultral research if a particular gender role behaviour appears to be consiten across dff cultures what might we conclude
this behaviour reps an innate, biological difference between males and females
from cross cultural research if we find some gender role behaviours are culturally spcific what might we assume
influence of shared norms and socialisatin is descive ( the reason (As suggested by SLT))
WHAT SIDE OF NURTURE NATURE DEBATE’S CULTURALLY DIFFERENT
NURTURE
Describe the earliest cross-cultural studies of gender roles
3 marks
who what where
carried by Margaret mead
of cultural groups
in Papa New Guinea
describe the arapesh people in meads study
and what was this similar to
gentle and responsive
similar ot stereotype of femininty in industrialised societies
describe the mundugumor people in meads study
and what was this similar to
aggressive and hostile
similar to stereotype of masculinity in industrialsied societies
describe how the tchambuli women and men were in meads study
and copmare their behaviour to industrialised societies
women - dominant and organised village life
men - passive and considered to be decorative
these behaviours were the reverse of steroetypes in indsutriaslised societies
overall what does mead’s study suggest
there may not be a direct biological relationship between sex and gender
and gender roels may be culturally determined
in her later work what did mead concede
she underestimated the universal nature of many gender typical behaviours
she conceded xyz but what did she go onto argue
extent to which innate behaviours are expressed is largely the result of cultural norms
what side of natrue nurture debate does culture simlarities side with
nature
true or false there are many cross cultural similarities in gender roles
T
What did david buss 1995 find
consistent patterns in mate preference (a kind of gender role behaviour) in 37 coutnries across all countries
what were the mate preferences buss found
men and women …
women - sought men who could offer wealth and resources
men - sought youjh and physical attractiveness
in potential partners
what did munrie and munroe study reveal
im most societies the division of labour is organised along gender lines
(men typically breadwinners
women often nurturers)
what do the media provide
role models with whom children may identify and want to imitate
children are more likely to selct role models who are
3 marks
same gender
engage in steroetypically gender - appropriate behaviour
(as this is more liekly tobe reinforced)
there is clear evidence the media provide what kind of gender sterotypes
clear gender stereotypes
that are quite rigid
give examples of the clear and quite rigid sterotypes the media provide that was studied by Bussey and Bandura
3 for each gender
men - independent, ambitious, advice givers
women - dependent, unambitious , advice seekers
what did a study of tv ads by furnham and Farragher (2000) find
men and women
men more liekly to be shown in autonomus roles withn professional contexts
whereas
women often seen occupying familial roles within domestic settings
overall what do the studies of media’s influence on gender show
media play a role in reinforcing widespread social sterotypes concerning gender appropriate behaviour
the media does more than confirm gender typical behavour , it also may give info to men and women in terms of
likely success, or otherwise, of adopting these behaviours
what does seeing otehr people perform gender appropriate behaviours do to a childs belief
increases the childs belief theyre capable of carrying out such behaviours in the future
what did bandura refer to the idea of
seeing other perform gender appropriate behaviours
increases the childs belief theyre capable of carrying out such behaviours in the future
self efficacy
what did mitra et al 2019 study do
analysed attitudes of people in India who had watched a program dsigned to challenge deep rooted gender stereotypes
what was the programme in mitra’s study
how long did it run for
detective drama
ran for 78 episodes
what was the result of mitra study
(effect on girls)
girls who watched the programme were more likely to see themselves as capable of working outside the home than non viewers
what can we conclude/suggest from mitras study (effect on girls)
suggests their self efficacy had changed as a result of media influence
LIMITATION - CULTURE - IMPOSED ETIC
P: One limitation of MEAD’S research into the impact of CULTURE on gender roles is IMPOSED ETIC
E: This is due to the fact that she was a WESTERN RESEARCHER studying an INDIGENOUS POPULATION , there is a danger that she IMPOSED her own CULTURAL INTERESTS and understanding on the PEOPLE she was STUDYING
E: Furthermore, she used WESTERN METHODS of STUDY, which are assumed to be UNIVERSAL, however they may be MEANINGLESS when transferred to OTHER CULTURES
L: This makes if DIFFICULT to GENERALISE her conclusions about CULTURE as a cause of UNIVERSAL GENDER
What were her methods?
LIMITATION - LACKS TEMPORAL VALIDITY
ask miss woodburn
- Globalisation may be lessening the cultural differences in gender role behaviour as Western values start to filter through to non-Western cultures.
- There has also been a global reduction in the differences between masculine and feminine gender roles, implying that socialisation does play a part in gender role development.
- THIS IS A [RPBLEM BECAUSE suggests that MEADS research into gender role differences across cultures may no longer be valid.
LIMITATION - MEDIA - CORRELATIONAL
P: One limitation of research useD to support the ROLE of MEDIA on GENDER ROLES is that it is CORRELATIONAL
E: It may be that the MEDIA is the cause of NORMS by depicting MEN and WOMEN in PARTICULAR WAYS
E: However, it’s possible that the MEDIA OUTPUT reflects PREVAILING SOCIAL NORMS about gender
L: Because they correlate in these ways it REDUCES the INTERNAL VALIDITY of conclusions of the MEDIA’S ROLE in gender as CAUSE and EFFECT can’t be ESTABLISHED
STRENGTH - culture and emdia help anture and nurture
ICL SLIGHTLY WEIRD
P: A further strength of research into CULTURE and MEDIA is contribution to our understanding of the NATURE - NURTURE DEBATE
E: The fact that CULTURAL DIFFERENCES in gender have been shown and the men and women are STILL PRESENTED in DIFFERENT WAYS in adverts suggests it has a POWERFUL EFFECT on GENDER
E: However, it becomes very difficult to DETERMINE where NATURE stops and NURTURE begins, because as soon as CHILDREN are BORN their SOCIALISATION into a PARTICULAR SOCIETY starts
L: It is likely there is a CONSTANT and COPMLEX INTERACTION of both INFLUENCES, and that each INFLUENCES the other in the DEVELOPMENT of GENDER ROLES
strength - APPLICATION
P: One strength of RESEARCH into the IMPACT of media on GENDER is that it can be used to help COUNTER GENDER STEREOTYPES
E: For example, in recent DISNEY MOVIES such as BRAVE and FROZEN, females are presented in NON STEREOTYPICAL roles such as STRONG LEADERS
E: PINGREE(1978) found that adverts with women in NON STEREOTYPICAL ROLES reduced STEREOTYPING in YOUNG GIRLS
L: This reinforces the claim that ADVERTS and FILMS REITERATE the impact that the media has on the ONSET of GENDER
In several cultures what is the term third gender is variously applied to individuasl that…
fall outside strict classification of man or woman
5 million in in india and pakistan are who live s transgenders are referred to as
hijras
hijras are recognised as having what on passports
legal identities
what are the fafine of samoa
biological males who adopt traditional gender role of women and are known for their hard work in a domestic context and dedication to the family
although fafafine may have sexual relations with non fafafine men theyre not considered ….
and why not
gay
no label exists
