issues and debates : ethical iplications of research studies and theory

Question 1

what do ethical implciations consider

Answer 1

impact /consequences psych research has on the rights of other people in a wider context

not just participants taking part in the research

Question 2

what is social sensitityvyt

Answer 2

stdies and theroies

where there are potential ssocial consequences for the participants and group of people represented in the research

Question 3

what are researhc studies and theories with ethicak implication

Answer 3

milgram obedience study

bowlby theory of attahcment

Question 4

explain milgtam study ethical implciations

Answer 4

although many ethical issues such as deceit and right to withdraw harmed

but debriefed and took part in a follow up interview where they ssaid they didnt suffer lt effects

cna be argued the findings did justify the way research was conducted as the research is useful to society in detemrining and understanding factors that affect obedience ot authoruty

so ethical imicatins actually good

Question 5

explain ethical implicatino of bowlby theory

Answer 5

suggets kids form special atachment bonds with person usually hteir mother that must take place within a critical period

bowlby also suggetsd this attachment affcets future reationships thorugh an iwm

while this theory contributed to development of childcare practices it also encouraged the idea a womans place is at home with her kids which could make some mums feel guilty for wanting to return to work following childbirth q

Question 6

how was milgrma obedience study socially senesitive

Answer 6

results could be used to ensure people obey orders even those they dont wish to follow

Question 7

expain how bowlby theory of attahcment is socially sensitive

Answer 7

could be used ot coerce mothers to stay at home and look after their kids

Question 8

what did seiber and stanley do

Answer 8

put forward 4 consideratinos researchers should take into mind before conucting reseearch

Question 9

if researchers follo the 4 consierations waht is likely to happen

Answer 9

research is less liekly to have social conseqeucens on pt involved and people they represnt

Question 10

what ar ehte 4 things to consider

Answer 10

research question

methodology used

insititutional context

interpretation and application of findings

Question 11

explain conidering the resarch question

Answer 11

researchers should consider research question carfully na dhow its pheased

asking q such as are ther racial difernces in IQ may be damaign to memeber of ptclr races who are thought ot have low IQ

it shuldnt add to previailing prejudices and sterotypes e.g intelligence is inherited os some grousp dumber th others

Question 12

explain methodology used

Answer 12

researcher should consider treatment of pt and their right to ocnfidentiaility and anonymtiy

e.g not saying names of a school or pupils

Question 13

explain institutional context

Answer 13

shoul be mindful of how findings and data will be used

who is funding it - if priv org what are their motives how do they intend to use it

e.g insurance company sponsoring researhc into which gender drives better may use it to justify bumping up prices

researchers must ensure interpretatino of data and findings is not missued in anwyas

Question 14

explain interpretaion and application of findings

Answer 14

researcehrs must consider how findigns may b einterpreted and applied in the real wolrd

e.g could it be used to inform polciy/law

to prevent negative impacts on pt involved and group of people pt represent

Question 15

give na exmaple of social sensiityv

Answer 15

burt used studies of id twin o support his view intelligence largely genetic

twins were seprated at birth and found diidnt matter where they were raised they typically had a similar IQ LEADING HIM TO BELEIVE INTELLIGENCE IS INHERITED

his views greatly infleunced hadlow report whihc brought aout creation of 11+ used from 1944-1976
deermingi grmamar or comprehensive school education

meant gen of kids affected by 11+ exma - how

later trnaspire his data was falsified - allegedly made up some names of reporting researchers

Question 16

how can we evluate burt research in terms of considerations before conducting research

Answer 16

research q - shoudl have considered it carefully as exaing intelligence could have serious implicaitons and lead to further reseaarch where psychologists try ot discover intelligent genes

methodology used - used twin studies but data was fabricated?

institutional context - working for Uni of Liv at time but also worked for london ocunty council and oter institutions
so he shoud have been mindful of the intedne use of his reeach following its publicaiton

intepreation and applciaitn of findings - shoudl have cinsidered seer implications of findings whic were used to inform policy - as it infleunced hadlow report

Question 17

whats our 16 mark plan

Answer 17

a01 ethical impication + socila sensiitivyt definiton
a01 outline seiber and stanleys 4 consideratinos for socially seneitive research

a03 - issues of discriminainot - racial diff in IQ (yerkes)- eugenics law poor blck women
a03 - real world appliation - kids ewt flin et al - imporved ewt
a03- shoudl we conduct socially sensitive research - no issues above - yes would be trivial

extra a03 for jsut socially seneitive = provide mechnism for safeguarding individuals

Question 18

a03 issues of discrimination

SSR can LEAD to issue of xxx therfore some x argue against condducitng this kind of research

e.g 19xx-19xx xx,000 individuals were x x under x x in xx in 19xx
also revelaed at least xxxx poor x x had been x x without any x of it happening to them or x

this kind of x could be justifird by x x x e.g x who argued x americans had low xx scores in x to x americans

which highights x with xxx

Answer 18

SSR can eld to sisue of discrimiantion therfore som epsych argue against condducitng this kind of research

e.g 1907-1963 64,000 individuals were forcibly sterisied under eugeenics legisaltion in US in 1972
also revelaed at least 2000 poor black womne had been involuntary sterilised without any knwoledge of it happening to them or consent

this kind of activities could be justifird by flawed research findings e.g yerkes who argued blakc americans had low IQ scores in comparison to white americans

which highights issues with SSR

Question 19

a03 real world application -

its X to X not all socially sensitive research is X and some is X and X to society

e.g research exmaining XXX X use of X witnesses found X X can be X X if questioned in an X and X manner

in this areas SSR has resulted in a good x x between x and x x to help imporve hte x and x of childrens xxx

Answer 19

its important to recognise not all socially sensitive research is controversial and some is desirable and beenficia to society

e.g research exmaining EWT ep use of kid witnesses found young kids can be reliable witnesses if questioned in an appropraite and timely manner

in this areas SSR has resulted in a good working relationshi between psychologists and legal professions to help imporve hte accuracy and validity of childrens EWT

Question 20

a03 - should we conduct socially sensitive research

Issues with SSR are X some psychs suggests we shouldnt X such X and x x of x topic such as x and x as such research can have x x as shown x

but this would proabill leave psychoogists with nothing but x questinos to x

a more x solution may be for psych to engage more x with x x after the x of findigns to x x data is x and to ensure x x x is used n a x x x

Answer 20

Issues with SSE are why some psychs suggests we shouldnt conduct such reserch asn steer clear of sensitive topic such as gender and race as such research can have negative impacts as shown above

but this would proabill leave psychoogists with nothing but trivial questinos to investigate

a more accpetable solution may be for psych to engage more activley with policy mkaers after the publication of findigns to reduce lieklihood data is misues and to ensure evidence based research is used n a socially senisitve way

Question 21

a03 - safeguarding stuff

considerations outlined bu X and X provide X to x individuals who are x affected by psychological reaearch

becuase of problems associated with SSR its x to simply saafeguard x of particants x x in research

e.g current x x dont require researchers to x how finding may be used by x to shape x x x

but SEIBER AND STANLEY RECOMMEND REASERCHERS SHOUDL x x WHEN x AND x THIER FINDINFS, TO ENSURE THAT PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH DOES x x x TO x OF x

Answer 21

considerations outlined bu seiber and stanley provide mechanisms ot safeguard individuals who are indirectly affected by psychological reaearch

becuase of problems associated with SSR its insufficient ot simply saafeguard interests of particants taking part in research

e.g current ethical guidelines dont require researchers to consider how finding may be used by institutions to shape public social policy

but SEIBER AND STANLEY RECOMMEND REASERCHERS SHOUDL CONSIDER THIS WHEN INTERPRETING AND APLPYING THIER FINDINFS TO ENSURE THAT PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH DOES NO INDRECT HARM TO MEMBERS OF SOCIETY