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Psych Aqa > phobias ao1 > Flashcards

phobias ao1 Flashcards

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1
Q

phobias come under …

A

Anxiety disorder

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2
Q

What is an anxiety disorder and what triggers it

A

Excessive/irrational fear and anxiety
Triggered by an object or situation

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3
Q

What important about the level of fear in a phobia what does fear lead to

A

The level of fear is completely out of all proportion to the actual stimulus
Fear leads to concious avoidance of the stim

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4
Q

3 types of phobia

A

Specific phobias
Social phobia
Agoraphobia

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5
Q

Define specific phobia and give exmaple

A

Fears ab specific objects or situations
Eg spiders snakes

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6
Q

Define social phobia and exmaple

A

Anxiety relating to social situations
Public speaking tlakinf to group of ppl using public toilets

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7
Q

Define agoraphobia

A

Fear of being in situation where escape difficult and feeling trapped
Eg travelling on public transport or even leaving home

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8
Q

What are 3 categories of characteristics of Phobias

A

Behavioural - to do w Actions
Emotional - feelings
Cognitive - ab thoughts and interpretations

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9
Q

describe the 3 behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Panic - eg screaming running
Avoidance - active avoidance of stim or situation where you may come across stim - concious effort to avoid
Endurance - opposite to avoidance person may stay in the same room as te phobia to keep an eye on it

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10
Q

2 emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Excessive and unreasonable …
Fear
Anxiety

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11
Q

3
cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

To do w thoughts …
1) Selective attention to stim - only conc on stim and nothing else
2) Irrationality of thoughts- eg not going on plane due to fear of crashing
3) cogntive distortions- seeing a stim as scarier than it acc is eg seeing a nice clown but they see it as a killer Clown

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12
Q

what is DSM

A

system used to classify mental disorders and allow them to be dignosed

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13
Q

define phobia

A

anxiety disorder and is an extreme, irratonal reaction to an object or situation

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14
Q

state 3 behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

panic
aviodance
endurance

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15
Q

describe 2 emotional characterisrics of phobias

A

anxiety - unpleasant state of high arousal
fear - immediate respose but expirenced for shorther amoun of time than anxiety

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16
Q

state 4
cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

selective attention
irrational belifs
cognitive distortions
irrationality of thoughts

17
Q

what causes phobias

A

learned beh - eg +ve and -ve rein
assosications between stim eg classical conditioning

18
Q

who and when said what causes phobias

A

orwal mowrer 1947

19
Q

what did orwal mowrer 1947 state about phobias

A

proposed at 2 step model
1) phobias aqquired by classical conditioning
2) continued through operant cond

20
Q

describe research demonstrating acquisition of phobias

A

little albert 1920
9 month old baby watson and raynor
conditioned a fear response of white rat in baby

21
Q

stimuli and response in little albert

A

NS –> NR
RAT –> NO RESPONSE

UCS–> UCR
LOUD BANG –> FEAR

NS + UCS (PAIRED OVERTIME) –> UCR
RAT + LOUD BANG –> FEAR

CS –> CR
RAT –> FEAR

22
Q

what did mowrer say ab phobias aqquired through classical cond and operatnt

A

usually decline overtime with classical
long lasting phobias occur via operant

23
Q

what is negative reinforcment in phobias

A

occurs when individual avoids a situation which is upleasant this is therefore increasing the behaviour

24
Q

how does mowrer describe how phobias are maintained

A

when we succesfully avoid phobic stim we succesfully escape fear and enxiety that we would have expirenced if we stayed where we were (reward is neg rein)
this reduction in fear reinforces the avoidance behaviour, phobia is maintained

25
Q

what is stimulus generalisation and give an example of this in the little albert study

A

fear becomes extended to things that are similar to stimuli
eg albert became fearful of white furry things eg santa claus mask and white rabbit

26
Q

2 methods of behavioural treatment of phobias

A

systematic desensitisation
flooding

27
Q

what is systematic desensitisation

A

behavioural theraoy desgined to reduce a response to a stimulus
works off the clasical conditioninf principle whereby
you learn to relqx in presense of stim - learning a new response to the stimulus counter - conditioning
this leads to * reciprocal inhibiton*
- this is when 2 opposing feelings cant exist at same space in time
so for example relaxation is presense if spider eg cant exist in same time and thus relaxation takes over

28
Q

3 processes involved in systematic desensitisation

A

1) the anxiety hireachy
2) relaxation
3) exposure

29
Q

The anxiety hierarchy and give example

A

This is put together by client w phobia and therapist
It’s a list of situations related to phobic stim that provoke anxiety arranged from least to most frightening
Eg a person with arachnophobia may identify seeing a picture of a small spider as low on the anxiety hierarchy and holding a tarantula at the top

30
Q

Describe the 2nd step relaxation in the process of SD

A

the therapist teaches Client to relax as deeply as possible
It’s impossible to relaxed and scared at the same time so one emotion prevents the other reciprocal inhibition
Could involve breathing techniques or meditation

31
Q

Describe the 3rd step of the exposure in SD

A

finally client is exposed to phobic stim while in relaxed state
Occurs across several sessions starting at the bottom of the anxiety - once they stay relaxed they move up the hierarchy

32
Q

How do you know if systematic densitisation has been effective

A

When clients can stay relaxed in in situations high on the anxiety hierarchy

33
Q

What is flooding and how often do sessions last give exmaple

A

Exposes ppl to their phobic stim without a gradual build up in the anxiety hierarchy
So session lasts 2-3 h
Eg sm1 w arachnophobia may have spider crawl over them throughout the session

34
Q

How does flooding work

A

Stops phobic response quickly
Bc stops avoidance of behaviour so client quickly learns phobia is harmless

35
Q

Method of flooding name

A

Process called extinction in classical conditioning terms

36
Q

Describe the method of flooding

A

Learned response extinguished when conditioned stimulus eg a dog
Is encounterd without unconditional stimulus (eg being bitten)
The result is that the conditioned stimulus no longer produces conditioned responnse of fear

37
Q

What’s something the therapist could do in the process of flooding that wouldn’t cause extinction

A

Is therapist allows client out to early there is a risk of reinforcing phobia as client woufl have successfully avoided phobia

38
Q

What is counter conditioning and what does it lead to

A

When you learn to relax in the presence of the stimulus - thus learning a new response to the stimulus
Leading to reciprocal inhibiton where you can’t be relaxed and scared at the same time so the relaxation takes over

Psych Aqa (107 decks)

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