depression ao1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DSM -5

A

shows Categories of depression

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2
Q

3 main types of depression in dsm 5 and difference between them

A

major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder
premenstrual dysmorphic disorder
persistent is more long term and recurring major dep disorder isnt

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3
Q

4 behavioural characteristics of depression

A

reduced activity levels
distruption to sleep and eating
aggression
self harm

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4
Q

3 emotional characteristics of depression

A

lowered mood
lowered self esteem
anger

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5
Q

3 cognitive characteristvs of depression

A

Poor concentration-​
person suffering from depression can have poor levels of concentration, where they are unable to stick with a specific task or they find it hard to make decisions​
Attending to and dwelling on the negative- ​
person suffering holds unrealistic expectations about themselves and their relationships​
Absolutist thinking
person suffering from depression is likely to think that everything will turn out badly and there is no hope. This is sometimes called ‘black and white thinking.’ ​

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6
Q

2 cognitive explanations of depression and who

A

becks cognitive theory
ellis abc model

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7
Q

when did beck propose cog triad

A

1976

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8
Q

3 parts to becks cog triad?

A

1- faulty information processing
2- negative self schema
3- the negative triad

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9
Q

explain faulty info processcing

A

This explanation refers to when individuals with depression tend to focus on the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positive. They are prone to distorting and misinterpreting information, a process known as cognitive bias.​

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10
Q

what 2 cog biases did beck specify

A

over generalisations
catastrophising

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11
Q

give example for overgeneralusations

A

I’ve failed one end of unit test and therefore I’m going to fail ALL of my AS exams!’ ​

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12
Q

give example for catastrophising

A

exaggerating a minor setback and believe that it’s a complete disaster, for example: ‘I’ve failed one end of unit test and therefore I am never going to study at University or get a good job!’​

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13
Q

explain negative self schema

A

A schema is a mental shortcut designed to help us deal with the information around us. These schemas develop through life experience. ​

Self-schema is a mental shortcut of information people have about themselves. ​

People use schemas to interpret the world around them therefore, if a person has a negative self-schema they interpret the information about themselves in a negative way. ​

could lead to cognitive biases

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14
Q

describe neg triad

A

Beck suggested that a person develops a dysfunctional view of themselves because of three types of negative thinking that occur automatically. This happens regardless of the reality. This is called the negative triad.

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15
Q

3 parts of neg triad

A

Negative view of the world - word is full obstacles . ​

Negative view of the future.​ - there is no way the future will get bwtter

Negative view of self.​ - i am worthless

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16
Q

when did ellis find abc model

A

1962

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17
Q

what did ellis say caused depression or anxiety

A

irrational thoughts

18
Q

3 abc of ellis abc model

A

activating event
belief
consequences

19
Q

describe activating event

A

happen when we experience negative events and these trigger irrational beliefs. E’g failing the first exam in AS year 12 ​

20
Q

describe belief abc model

A

Ellis identified a range of irrational beliefs that can be associated with the event. He called these ‘musturbation’ ‘I must do….’ ​

21
Q

consequence in abc model

A

According to Ellis, rational beliefs lead to healthy emotional outcomes (acceptance), whereas, irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy emotional outcomes, including depression​

22
Q

2 types of cognitive behaviour therapy

A

becks cognitive therapy
rational emotive behaviour therapy

23
Q

describe becks cbt

A

idenify and challenge neg automatic thoughts (irrational thinking) surrondinf neg triad (future self and world) - beh element
Jointly clarify goals w client not patient as beck didnt like the word and put a plan to achieve them.

24
Q

in becks cbt client is the…

A

SCIENTIST: CBT helps client test the reality of their negative beliefs. They encourage client to investigate their beliefs.​

25
Q

what are 2 othere elements of becks cbt apart ftom challenging irrational thoughts and neg irrational belifs

A

homewrok
future sessions

26
Q

describe hw in becks cbt

A

clients might be asked to record when they enjoyed event or when people were nice to them.

27
Q

describe future sessions in becks cbt

A

homework is useful in further session. If client falls back into patterns of thought the therapist can use evidence to prove client’s thoughts are incorrect. Reinforcing positive beliefs.​

28
Q

ellis rebt stands for

A

rational emotive behavioural therapy

29
Q

what is rebt

A

cog treatment for depression
extends ellis abc model to abcde
adding in
d - dispute
e - effect

30
Q

main technique for rebt is to and give an exampke

A

identify and challenge irrational thoughts​

A client might talk about how unluck​y they have been or how unfair things seem. REBT therapist would identify these as utopianism and challenge irrational beliefs.​

31
Q

how does dispute part of rebt occur

A

challenging thoughts by providng one of 3 types of arguments

32
Q

what are 3 types of arguments ellis identified

A

empirical
logical
pragmatic

33
Q

what is empirical arugment in ellis rebt

A

Disputing if there is real evidence to support the irrational belief​

34
Q

what is logical argument in ellis rebt

A

Disputing if there negative effect follows logically from the facts​

35
Q

what is pragmatic argument in ellis rebt

A

challenging how helpful or benefits of their thoughts. ​

36
Q

another component of ellis rebt

A

behavioural activation

37
Q

reason for beh activation

A

As individuals become depressed, they can tend to increasingly avoid difficult situations and become isolated. ​

This can maintain and worsen symptoms. ​

38
Q

goal of behavioural act

A

is to work with individuals to gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation. ​
This should ideally increase their engagement in activities that have been shown to improve mood. E.G. exercise, going out to dinner etc. ​
Therapist will aim to reinforce such activities. ​

39
Q

outline cog treatments for depression

A

cbt involves both cog and beh elements typically starts w initial assesment in which patient and therapisr identify problems, a set of goals and finally plan of action to achieve goals
despite differences in becks cog t and ellis rebt the aim to identofy and challenge irrational neg thoughts remains the same
eg ellis rebt involves an extention of his abc model to include dispute and effective. the idea is the therapist will dispute patients neg irratonal bel and replace them w rational ones. there are diff kinf of disputes used eg empirical dis - where ther seeks ev for neg thougjts - “where is ev that your belifs are true”
following any kind of cbt session the thearpist may set their patient hw. this could take various forms eg becks cog therpay would encourgae the patient to test their own irrational bel and prove them wrong which results in their bel begining to change. patient could also be given beh hw wg going out to do some excercise which would be reinforced by therapisrr

40
Q

explain how findings of psych reserach into treatment of depression could have implications for the economy

A

psychological research findings into psychopathology may lead to improvements in
psychological health/treatment programmes which may mean that people manage
their health better and take less time off work. This would reduce costs to the
economy
* psychological research findings may lead to better ways of managing people who
are prone to mental health issues whilst they are at work which could improve their
individual productivity, again boosting the economy overall