retrieval failure ao1 Flashcards
Encoding specificity principle - who and when
Ended tulving- 1983
What is en coding specificity principle
Endel Tulving(1983) summarised a pattern observed in findings of previous retrieval failure research.He summarised this as the ESP which states that if a cue is to help us to recall information it has to present at encoding and at retrieval.If cues are different at these two stages there will be some forgetting.
-Some cues are linked to the material to be remembered in a meaningful way e.g mnemonics.Other cues are also encoded at the time of learning but not in a meaningful way e.g context-dependent forgetting and state-dependent forgetting.
Who did study on context dependent forgetting
Godden + badly 197 - 5
Describe Godden + badly underwater study
Godden and Baddeley(1975) carried out a study of deep sea divers working underwater.This situation is critical and divers need to remember instructions given before diving.
Procedure-The divers learnt a list of words either underwater or on land and then had to recall these words either underwater or on land.This created 4 conditions.
Findings-Two conditions had matching environmental contexts of learning and recall,the other two did not.In non-matching conditions accurate recall was 40% lower.The external cues available at learning were different from the ones at recall which cause retrieval failure.
Study on state dep forgetting
Procedure-Carter and Cassaday(1988) gave antihistamine drugs (for treating hay fever) to their participants.The drugs had a mild sedative effect making the participants drowsy.The participants had to learn a list of words and a passage of prose and then recall the information.There were 4 conditions
Findings-In the conditions where there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall ,performance was worse.So when cues are absent,then there is more forgetting.