retrieval failure ao1

Question 1

Encoding specificity principle - who and when

Answer 1

Ended tulving- 1983

Question 2

What is en coding specificity principle

Answer 2

Endel Tulving(1983) summarised a pattern observed in findings of previous retrieval failure research.He summarised this as the ESP which states that if a cue is to help us to recall information it has to present at encoding and at retrieval.If cues are different at these two stages there will be some forgetting.

-Some cues are linked to the material to be remembered in a meaningful way e.g mnemonics.Other cues are also encoded at the time of learning but not in a meaningful way e.g context-dependent forgetting and state-dependent forgetting.

Question 3

what is context dependent forgetting

Answer 3

recall dep on external cue eg weather or place

Question 4

what is state depending forgetting

Answer 4

recall dep on internal cue eg feeling upset, being drunk

Question 5

Who did study on context dependent forgetting

Answer 5

Godden + badly 197 - 5

Question 6

Describe Godden + badly underwater study

Answer 6

Godden and Baddeley(1975) carried out a study of deep sea divers working underwater.This situation is critical and divers need to remember instructions given before diving.

Procedure-The divers learnt a list of words either underwater or on land and then had to recall these words either underwater or on land.This created 4 conditions.

Findings-Two conditions had matching environmental contexts of learning and recall,the other two did not.In non-matching conditions accurate recall was 40% lower.The external cues available at learning were different from the ones at recall which cause retrieval failure.

Question 7

Study on state dep forgetting

Answer 7

Procedure-Carter and Cassaday(1988) gave antihistamine drugs (for treating hay fever) to their participants.The drugs had a mild sedative effect making the participants drowsy.The participants had to learn a list of words and a passage of prose and then recall the information.There were 4 conditions

Findings-In the conditions where there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall ,performance was worse.So when cues are absent,then there is more forgetting.