NT6 - Distúrbios do Metabolismo da Água e Sódio (2)

Question 1

Mechanisms for sensing regional changes in effective arterial blood volume?

Answer 1

★ Sensors of Cardiac Filling
- atrial
- ventricular
- pulmonary
★ Sensors of Cardiac Output
- carotid and aortic baroreceptors
★ Sensors of Organ Perfusion
- renal sensors
- CNS sensors
- GI tract sensors

Question 2

Major Renal Effector Mechanisms for Regulating Effective Arterial Blood Volume?

Answer 2

★ Glomerular Filtration Rate and Tubular Reabsorption
- tubuloglomerular feedback
- glomerulotubular feedback
★ Neural Mechanisms
- sympathetic nervous systems
- renal nerves
★ Humoral Mechanisms
- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- vasopressin
- prostaglandins
- natriuretic peptides
- endothelium-derived factors

Question 3

Causes of Absolute and Relative Hypovolemia?

Answer 3

★ Absolute
– Extrarenal
. bleeding
. gi fluid loss
…
– Renal

Question 3

Causes of Absolute and Relative Hypovolemia?

Answer 3

★ Absolute
– Extrarenal
. bleeding
. gi fluid loss
…
– Renal
. diuretics
. hormone deficiency
. na+ wasting tubulopathies
…

★ Relative
– Extrarenal
. edematous state
. generalized vasodilation
…
– Renal
. severe nephrotic syndrome

Question 4

Causes of Renal Sodium Retention?

Answer 4

★ Primary
- oliguric acute kidney injury
- chronic kidney disease
- glomerular disease
- severe bilateral renal artery stenosis
- salt-retaining tubulopathies
- mineralocorticoid excess
★ Secondary
- heart failure
- cirrhosis
- idiopathic edema

Question 5

★ HIPERNATRÉMIA ==> HIPEROSMOLARIDADE ==> DÉFICE DE ÁGUA, NÃO EXCESSO DE SAL
★ HIPONATRÉMIA ==> HIPOOSMOLARIDADE ==> EXCESSO DE ÁGUA, NÃO DÉFICE DE SAL

Answer 5

★ HIPERNATRÉMIA ==> HIPEROSMOLARIDADE ==> DÉFICE DE ÁGUA, NÃO EXCESSO DE SAL
★ HIPONATRÉMIA ==> HIPOOSMOLARIDADE ==> EXCESSO DE ÁGUA, NÃO DÉFICE DE SAL