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Pathophysiology > module 6 neuronal communication > Flashcards

module 6 neuronal communication Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system is composed of 2 types of cells

A

neurons: generate action potentials

glial cells: supportive

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2
Q

Neurons have 3 parts

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

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3
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals and transmit them to the cell body

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4
Q

axons

A

generate and conduct action potentials

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5
Q

3 types of axons

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

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6
Q

multipolar axons

A

have many dendrites and one axon

most common

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7
Q

bipolar axons

A

have 2 branches off cell body

one for axon one for dendrites

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8
Q

unipolar axons

A

cell body has one branch off of it that splits to have dendrites on one side and the axon on the other.

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9
Q

Neurons can be

A

inhibitory or excitatory

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10
Q

4 types of neuroglia

A

oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
astrocytes

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11
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath that wraps around nerve axons

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12
Q

microglia

A

provide phagocytic functions

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13
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce CSF and maintain CSF-brain barrier

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14
Q

Astrocytes

A

maintain integrity of the BBB
regulate ionic balance of the interstitial fluid
transfer nutrients from capillaries to neurons

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15
Q

Action potentials in neurons

A

neurotransmitter binds to receptors on dendrite and cell body
AP are initiated in axon hillock
voltage gated Na channels: depolarization
Voltage gated K channels: repolarization

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16
Q

speed of action potential determined by

A

axon diameter: inc. diameter = inc speed

myelination: inc. speed

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17
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

allow impulse to hop quickly from node to node: saltatory conduction

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18
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease leading to destruction of myelin sheaths in brain and spinal cord
More common in women
S/S depend on location of active lesions

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19
Q

s/s multiple sclerosis

A 
can vary
sensory loss
muscle weakness
incontinence
gait imbalance
blurry/double vision
cognitive difficulties
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20
Q

Dx of multiple sclerosis

A

MRI: demyelinating lesions of brain and spinal cord
LP: oligoclonal bands of y-globulins in CSF

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21
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

acute, progressive, paralytic neuropathy
autoimmune demylination of peripheral nerves
more common in men
ascending and symmetrical progressive muscle weakness without sensory loss

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22
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome can be in response to

A

an infection; commonly campylobacter jejuni enteritis

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23
Q

synaptic transmission depolarization causes

A

voltage gated calcium channels to open
calcium influx
exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

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24
Q

neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft

A

acts on receptor of second neuron to excite inhibit, or modify its activity

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25
Q

neurotransmitter after released

A

either transported back into axon terminals for reuse or destroyed by enzymes.

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26
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials
opening of Na channels
example: glutamate

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27
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A 
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials 
opening of channels that allow 
- chloride influx
-potassium efflux
examples: GABA or glycine
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28
Q

summation

A

All the EPSP’s and IPSP’s at the axon hillock determines whether an AP will be initiated

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29
Q

spatial summation

A

multiple presynaptic neurons

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30
Q

temporal summation

A

one presynaptic neuron fires in rapid succession

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31
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disease targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in postsynaptic neuromuscular junction.

  • impaired muscle contraction
  • s/s improve with rest and worsen throughout day
  • resp. involvement leads to hypoventilation
  • face highly effected
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32
Q

botulism

A

paralytic neuromuscular disease caused by botulinum toxin produced by clostridium botulinum

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33
Q

infant botulism

A

72% of cases
ingestion of raw honey
s/s: difficulty feeding, weak cry, irritability and hypotonia

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34
Q

adult botulism

A

28% of cases
result of home food preservation
s/s: bilateral cranial neuropathies followed by symmetric descending weakness

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35
Q

nervous system divided into 3 units

A

central (CNS)
peripheral (PNS)
autonomic (ANS)

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36
Q

CNS

A

brain

spinal cord

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37
Q

primary function of CNS

A

receive and process sensory info and create appropriate responses
-relayed to muscles and glands

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38
Q

CNS is bathed in

A

CSF which allows for bouyancy and shock absorbing

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39
Q

CNS and PNS interaction

A

synapses in spinal cord and cranial nerve ganglia

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40
Q

meninges

A

composed of 3 layers that suspend and maintain shape and position of nervous tissue during movements

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41
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid layer
pia mater

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42
Q

dura mater

A

protects soft tissue of brain
-outer most layer: thick, tough, collagenous
2 layers
- one contiguous w/ periosteum of skull
- one adherent to first covering of brain

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43
Q

arachnoid layer

A

beneath and continuous with dura
thin and delicate
semitransparent and weblike

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44
Q

pia mater

A

connective tissue, trabeculae, extend from arachnoid to pia: subarachnoid space
very thin
attached to brain

45
Q

leptomeninges

A

arachnoid and pia mater

46
Q

CSF

A

majority produced by choroid plexus in lateral and 3rd ventricals of brain.

  • approx. 500mL/day
  • only 150-175 mL in circulation
47
Q

BBB

A

maintain in part by CNS cells: astrocytes
-specialized glial cells with foot processess that contact brain capillaries and help regulate transport across the endothelium

48
Q

BBB in infancy

A

less effective

49
Q

BBB can be compromised by

A

ischemia and chemical injury

50
Q

cerebrum

A

divided into left and right hemispheres

largest part of brain

51
Q

cerbral cortex

A 
outmost layer of cerebrum 
composed of gray matter 
characterized by
- gyri
-sulci
-fissures
52
Q

gyri

A

convoluted exterior with ridges

53
Q

sulci

A

grooves

54
Q

fissures

A

deeper depression

55
Q

landmarks that divide brain into lobes

A

sulci and fissures

56
Q

diencephalon

A

deep in brain, forming connective structure between upper brainstem and cerebral hemispheres

57
Q

principle structures of diencephalon

A 
thalamus
hypothalmus
pineal gland
epithalamus 
ventral thalmus
58
Q

cerebellum

A 
coordinates and smoothes movements
maintain posture and balance 
compares desired movement with execution 
- makes adjustments 
folia: cortical ridges on surface
medullary center: white matter beneath
59
Q

brainstem

A

stalk of neuronal tissue between upper spinal cord and diencephalon

60
Q

3 parts of brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

61
Q

brainstem and cranial nerves

A

10 of 12 cranial nerves originate from brainstem

62
Q

spinal cord

A

conveys nerve impulses from brain to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
posture, protective respones to pain, muscle tone

63
Q

gray matter of spinal cord

A

integration and processing

on inside

64
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

bundles of mylinated axons forming tracts up and down cord.

- on outside

65
Q

spinal cord extends from

A

base of skull to first or second lumbar vertebra

66
Q

dorsal root

A

carry sensory afferent neurons

67
Q

ventral root

A

carry motor efferent neurons

68
Q

ventral horn of gray matter

A

where motor neurons exit

69
Q

dorsal horn of gray matter

A

where sensory neurons enter spinal cord

70
Q

lateral horn of gray matter

A

sympathetic

71
Q

PNS

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves

-myelinated with schwann cells opposed to oligodendrocytes in CNS

72
Q

ganglia

A

groups of cell bodies

73
Q

PNS does not have

A

CSF, meninges, or bony coverings

74
Q

PNS covered by

A

sheath of connective tissue

75
Q

ANS

A

neurons in CNS and PNS that mediate automatic/involuntary functions

76
Q

branches of ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

77
Q

preganglionic neurotransmitter in ANS

A

Ach for both PSNS and SNS

78
Q

postganglionic neurotransmitter in ANS

A

PSNS: Ach: acts at muscarinic receptors
SNS: norepi: acts at a and B adrenergic receptors

79
Q

location of ganglia in PSNS

A

in or adjacent to target organs

80
Q

location of ganglia in SNS

A

paravertebral and prevertebral

81
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

receptor on postsynaptic membrane that doubles as ion channel; Na influx

82
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

works through secondary messenger cascade

83
Q

neurotransmitters: amines

A 
dopamine
norepinephrine: SNS
epinephrine 
serotonin
histamine
84
Q

neurotransmitters: amino acids

A

excitatory:
- glutamate
- asparate
inhibitory
- Glycine
-GABA

85
Q

neurotransmitters: pruines

A

adenosine

ATP

86
Q

neurotransmitters: gases

A

nitric oxide

carbon monoxide

87
Q

PNS breaks down into 2 parts

A

autonomic

somatic

88
Q

autonomic NS

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

89
Q

Somatic NS

A

sensory

motor

90
Q

Primary sensory function

A

specialized dendritic processes activated and the signal is transmitted to the spinal cord
- receptor to spinal cord

91
Q

secondary sensory neurons

A

in the cord are activated and carry signal up the cord to thalamus
- cord to thalamus

92
Q

Tertiary sensory neurons

A

from thalamus relay signals to various brain areas

- somatosensory cortex

93
Q

ipsilateral side

A

same side of spinal cord

-touch, pressure, vibration

94
Q

contralateral side

A

opposite side of spinal cord

- pain, itch, temperature

95
Q

sensory pathways 2 major tracts

A

dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract

anterolateral tract

96
Q

dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract

A

fine touch, vibration, proprioception

remains ipsipateral until the medulla then crosses

97
Q

anterolateral tract

A

pain, itch, temperature

crosses cord near entry level and travels to brain on contralateral side

98
Q

upper motor neurons

A

form descending motor tracts that control

  1. fine motor movement: corticospinal tract
    - controls distal muscles of the upper and lower limbs
  2. posture and balance: vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, and tectospinal tracts
    - large proximal muscle groups and axial muscles
99
Q

lower motor neurons

A

travel from anterior horn through ventral root, within the spinal and peripheral nerves to innervate target muscles

  • alpha motor neurons release Ach to contract all fibers in muscle unit
  • gamma motor neurons contract muscle fibers within the muscle spindle
100
Q

motor unit

A

single motor neuron and all muscle fibers under its control

101
Q

muscle spindles:

A

sensory receptors that sense the length or stretch within the muscle and relay info to spinal cord

102
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

organized in columns of gray matter that correspond to specific body locations
-stimulation at specific body points results in discrete sensation in the contralateral side.

103
Q

dysautonomia

A

combinations of both parasympathetic and sympathetic dysfunction
can be acute or chronic
-central or peripheral

104
Q

etiologies of dysautonomia

A 
autoimmunity
paraneoplastic disorders
toxins
diabetes
guillian-barre syndrome
parkinsons
spinal cord disorders
105
Q

S/S of dysautonomia

A 
faintness/dizzy when arising
diarrhea or constipation
autonomic instability
incontinence 
orthostatic hypotension
impotance
106
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

tumors of the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

  • s/s: increased sympathetic activity
  • uncontrolled catecholamine release reults in malignant HTN, CVA, MI
107
Q

pheochromocytoma and clonidine

A

clonidine can be used to suppress catecholamines, but does not work with pheochromocytoma due to its peripheral excretion not central.

108
Q

pheochromocytoma treatment

A

surgical resection of tumor and Rx for HTN.

Pathophysiology (80 decks)

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