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module 6 neuronal communication Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system is composed of 2 types of cells

A

neurons: generate action potentials

glial cells: supportive

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2
Q

Neurons have 3 parts

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

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3
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals and transmit them to the cell body

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4
Q

axons

A

generate and conduct action potentials

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5
Q

3 types of axons

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

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6
Q

multipolar axons

A

have many dendrites and one axon

most common

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7
Q

bipolar axons

A

have 2 branches off cell body

one for axon one for dendrites

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8
Q

unipolar axons

A

cell body has one branch off of it that splits to have dendrites on one side and the axon on the other.

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9
Q

Neurons can be

A

inhibitory or excitatory

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10
Q

4 types of neuroglia

A

oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
astrocytes

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11
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath that wraps around nerve axons

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12
Q

microglia

A

provide phagocytic functions

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13
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce CSF and maintain CSF-brain barrier

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14
Q

Astrocytes

A

maintain integrity of the BBB
regulate ionic balance of the interstitial fluid
transfer nutrients from capillaries to neurons

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15
Q

Action potentials in neurons

A

neurotransmitter binds to receptors on dendrite and cell body
AP are initiated in axon hillock
voltage gated Na channels: depolarization
Voltage gated K channels: repolarization

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16
Q

speed of action potential determined by

A

axon diameter: inc. diameter = inc speed

myelination: inc. speed

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17
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

allow impulse to hop quickly from node to node: saltatory conduction

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18
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease leading to destruction of myelin sheaths in brain and spinal cord
More common in women
S/S depend on location of active lesions

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19
Q

s/s multiple sclerosis

A 
can vary
sensory loss
muscle weakness
incontinence
gait imbalance
blurry/double vision
cognitive difficulties
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20
Q

Dx of multiple sclerosis

A

MRI: demyelinating lesions of brain and spinal cord
LP: oligoclonal bands of y-globulins in CSF

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21
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

acute, progressive, paralytic neuropathy
autoimmune demylination of peripheral nerves
more common in men
ascending and symmetrical progressive muscle weakness without sensory loss

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22
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome can be in response to

A

an infection; commonly campylobacter jejuni enteritis

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23
Q

synaptic transmission depolarization causes

A

voltage gated calcium channels to open
calcium influx
exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

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24
Q

neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft

A

acts on receptor of second neuron to excite inhibit, or modify its activity

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25
neurotransmitter after released
either transported back into axon terminals for reuse or destroyed by enzymes.
26
excitatory neurotransmitters
excitatory postsynaptic potentials opening of Na channels example: glutamate
27
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
``` inhibitory postsynaptic potentials opening of channels that allow - chloride influx -potassium efflux examples: GABA or glycine ```
28
summation
All the EPSP's and IPSP's at the axon hillock determines whether an AP will be initiated
29
spatial summation
multiple presynaptic neurons
30
temporal summation
one presynaptic neuron fires in rapid succession
31
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disease targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in postsynaptic neuromuscular junction. - impaired muscle contraction - s/s improve with rest and worsen throughout day - resp. involvement leads to hypoventilation - face highly effected
32
botulism
paralytic neuromuscular disease caused by botulinum toxin produced by clostridium botulinum
33
infant botulism
72% of cases ingestion of raw honey s/s: difficulty feeding, weak cry, irritability and hypotonia
34
adult botulism
28% of cases result of home food preservation s/s: bilateral cranial neuropathies followed by symmetric descending weakness
35
nervous system divided into 3 units
central (CNS) peripheral (PNS) autonomic (ANS)
36
CNS
brain | spinal cord
37
primary function of CNS
receive and process sensory info and create appropriate responses -relayed to muscles and glands
38
CNS is bathed in
CSF which allows for bouyancy and shock absorbing
39
CNS and PNS interaction
synapses in spinal cord and cranial nerve ganglia
40
meninges
composed of 3 layers that suspend and maintain shape and position of nervous tissue during movements
41
3 layers of meninges
dura mater arachnoid layer pia mater
42
dura mater
protects soft tissue of brain -outer most layer: thick, tough, collagenous 2 layers - one contiguous w/ periosteum of skull - one adherent to first covering of brain
43
arachnoid layer
beneath and continuous with dura thin and delicate semitransparent and weblike
44
pia mater
connective tissue, trabeculae, extend from arachnoid to pia: subarachnoid space very thin attached to brain
45
leptomeninges
arachnoid and pia mater
46
CSF
majority produced by choroid plexus in lateral and 3rd ventricals of brain. - approx. 500mL/day - only 150-175 mL in circulation
47
BBB
maintain in part by CNS cells: astrocytes -specialized glial cells with foot processess that contact brain capillaries and help regulate transport across the endothelium
48
BBB in infancy
less effective
49
BBB can be compromised by
ischemia and chemical injury
50
cerebrum
divided into left and right hemispheres | largest part of brain
51
cerbral cortex
``` outmost layer of cerebrum composed of gray matter characterized by - gyri -sulci -fissures ```
52
gyri
convoluted exterior with ridges
53
sulci
grooves
54
fissures
deeper depression
55
landmarks that divide brain into lobes
sulci and fissures
56
diencephalon
deep in brain, forming connective structure between upper brainstem and cerebral hemispheres
57
principle structures of diencephalon
``` thalamus hypothalmus pineal gland epithalamus ventral thalmus ```
58
cerebellum
``` coordinates and smoothes movements maintain posture and balance compares desired movement with execution - makes adjustments folia: cortical ridges on surface medullary center: white matter beneath ```
59
brainstem
stalk of neuronal tissue between upper spinal cord and diencephalon
60
3 parts of brainstem
midbrain pons medulla oblongata
61
brainstem and cranial nerves
10 of 12 cranial nerves originate from brainstem
62
spinal cord
conveys nerve impulses from brain to 31 pairs of spinal nerves posture, protective respones to pain, muscle tone
63
gray matter of spinal cord
integration and processing | on inside
64
white matter of spinal cord
bundles of mylinated axons forming tracts up and down cord. | - on outside
65
spinal cord extends from
base of skull to first or second lumbar vertebra
66
dorsal root
carry sensory afferent neurons
67
ventral root
carry motor efferent neurons
68
ventral horn of gray matter
where motor neurons exit
69
dorsal horn of gray matter
where sensory neurons enter spinal cord
70
lateral horn of gray matter
sympathetic
71
PNS
31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves | -myelinated with schwann cells opposed to oligodendrocytes in CNS
72
ganglia
groups of cell bodies
73
PNS does not have
CSF, meninges, or bony coverings
74
PNS covered by
sheath of connective tissue
75
ANS
neurons in CNS and PNS that mediate automatic/involuntary functions
76
branches of ANS
sympathetic and parasympathetic
77
preganglionic neurotransmitter in ANS
Ach for both PSNS and SNS
78
postganglionic neurotransmitter in ANS
PSNS: Ach: acts at muscarinic receptors SNS: norepi: acts at a and B adrenergic receptors
79
location of ganglia in PSNS
in or adjacent to target organs
80
location of ganglia in SNS
paravertebral and prevertebral
81
ionotropic receptor
receptor on postsynaptic membrane that doubles as ion channel; Na influx
82
metabotropic receptor
works through secondary messenger cascade
83
neurotransmitters: amines
``` dopamine norepinephrine: SNS epinephrine serotonin histamine ```
84
neurotransmitters: amino acids
excitatory: - glutamate - asparate inhibitory - Glycine -GABA
85
neurotransmitters: pruines
adenosine | ATP
86
neurotransmitters: gases
nitric oxide | carbon monoxide
87
PNS breaks down into 2 parts
autonomic | somatic
88
autonomic NS
sympathetic | parasympathetic
89
Somatic NS
sensory | motor
90
Primary sensory function
specialized dendritic processes activated and the signal is transmitted to the spinal cord - receptor to spinal cord
91
secondary sensory neurons
in the cord are activated and carry signal up the cord to thalamus - cord to thalamus
92
Tertiary sensory neurons
from thalamus relay signals to various brain areas | - somatosensory cortex
93
ipsilateral side
same side of spinal cord | -touch, pressure, vibration
94
contralateral side
opposite side of spinal cord | - pain, itch, temperature
95
sensory pathways 2 major tracts
dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract | anterolateral tract
96
dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract
fine touch, vibration, proprioception | remains ipsipateral until the medulla then crosses
97
anterolateral tract
pain, itch, temperature | crosses cord near entry level and travels to brain on contralateral side
98
upper motor neurons
form descending motor tracts that control 1. fine motor movement: corticospinal tract - controls distal muscles of the upper and lower limbs 2. posture and balance: vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, and tectospinal tracts - large proximal muscle groups and axial muscles
99
lower motor neurons
travel from anterior horn through ventral root, within the spinal and peripheral nerves to innervate target muscles - alpha motor neurons release Ach to contract all fibers in muscle unit - gamma motor neurons contract muscle fibers within the muscle spindle
100
motor unit
single motor neuron and all muscle fibers under its control
101
muscle spindles:
sensory receptors that sense the length or stretch within the muscle and relay info to spinal cord
102
somatosensory cortex
organized in columns of gray matter that correspond to specific body locations -stimulation at specific body points results in discrete sensation in the contralateral side.
103
dysautonomia
combinations of both parasympathetic and sympathetic dysfunction can be acute or chronic -central or peripheral
104
etiologies of dysautonomia
``` autoimmunity paraneoplastic disorders toxins diabetes guillian-barre syndrome parkinsons spinal cord disorders ```
105
S/S of dysautonomia
``` faintness/dizzy when arising diarrhea or constipation autonomic instability incontinence orthostatic hypotension impotance ```
106
pheochromocytoma
tumors of the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine - s/s: increased sympathetic activity - uncontrolled catecholamine release reults in malignant HTN, CVA, MI
107
pheochromocytoma and clonidine
clonidine can be used to suppress catecholamines, but does not work with pheochromocytoma due to its peripheral excretion not central.
108
pheochromocytoma treatment
surgical resection of tumor and Rx for HTN.

Pathophysiology (80 decks)

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