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Pathophysiology > chapter 24: body fluid homoeostasis > Flashcards

chapter 24: body fluid homoeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

2/3 of bodyfluid

A

intracellular

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2
Q

1/3 of bodyfluid

A

extracellular

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3
Q

extracellular comprised of (5)

A 
interstitial compartment
vascular compartment
dense connective tissue
bone 
transcellular fluids
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4
Q

interstitial compartment

A

between cells

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5
Q

vascular compartment

A

blood vessels

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6
Q

intracellular fluid rich in

A

potassium
magnesium
phosphates
proteins

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7
Q

intracellular fluid low in

A

sodium

chloride

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8
Q

extracellular fluid rich in

A

sodium
chloride
bicarbonate

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9
Q

extracellular fluid low in

A

potassium
magnesium
phosphate

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10
Q

fluid homeostasis net result of 4 subprocesses

A

intake
absorption
distribution
excretion

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11
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

outward push of vascular fluid against the capillary walls

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12
Q

osmotic pressure

A

inward pulling force of particles

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13
Q

ADH released in response to

A

increases osmolality of extracellular fluid

decrease circulating volume

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14
Q

ADH causes

A

reabsorption of water in kidneys

decrease fluid excretion

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15
Q

aldosterone released in response to

A

decreased circulating blood

increased potassium ions in plasma

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16
Q

aldosterone causes

A

reabsorption of sodium and water

expanding extracellular fluid

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17
Q

ANP

A

stored in cardiac atrial cells, released when atria are stretched

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18
Q

BNP:

A

released from ventricular cells when ventricular diastolic pressure is increase (stretch)

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19
Q

ANP and BNP cause

A

natriuresis, sodium excretion accompanied by water

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20
Q

abnormal fluid loss

A

GI tubes
emesis
hemorrhage
drainage; fistulas, wounds, open skin, paracentesis

21
Q

Extracellular ECV imbalance

A

concentration normal, but too much or too little volume.

22
Q

body fluid imbalance

A

concentration of fluid is abnormal

23
Q

deficit ECV causes

A

low extracellular volume
emesis, diarrhea, gastric suction, fistula drainage
extensive diuretic use, bed rest
hemmorhage, massive diaphoresis, third spacing, paracentesis, burns

24
Q

ECV deficit manifestations

A 
wt. loss
postural BP decrease
tachycardia
flat neck veins when supine
prolonged capillary refill
lightheaded, dizzy
syncope
oliguria
dry mouth
hard stools
no tears or sweat
25
Q

ECV excess manifestations

A

wt gain
edema
circulatory overload: bounding pulse, neck vein distention upright, crackles, dyspnea, orthopnea

26
Q

ECV excess causes

A 
Excessive IV infusion
hyperaldosteronism
CHF
cirrhosis
glomerulonephritis
renal disease
cushing disease
corticosteroid therapy
27
Q

hyponatremia manifestations

A 
<135
CNS dysfunction
malaise
anorexia
nausea/vomiting
headache
confusion
lethargy
seizure
coma
28
Q

hypernatremia manifestations

A 
>145
CNS dysfunction
neurons and glial cells shrivel
confusion
lethargy
seizures
coma
29
Q

ECV defici and hypernatremia

A

clinical dehydration
vomiting and diarrhea
unable to replace water and sodium
s/s: same as hypernatremia and ECV deficit

30
Q

edema

A

excess fluid in interstitial compartment (between cells)

31
Q

causes of edema (4)

A

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
blockage of lymphatic drainage
decreased capillary osmotic pressure

32
Q

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure causes (3)

A

increased ECV
increased local capillary flow associated with inflammation
venous congestion

33
Q

increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure cause

A

inflammation increases vascular permeability and proteins leak into interstitial fluid.

34
Q

blockage of lymphatic drainage cause

A

lymphatic drainage usually removes minute amounts of protein that enter interstitial fluid

  • blockage: tumor, parasites, fibrosis, surgical removal of lymphnodes
  • accumulation of protein in interstitial fluid
35
Q

decreased capillary osmotic pressure caused by

A

decrease concentration of plasma proteins

36
Q

aldosterone causes excretion of

A

potassium

37
Q

diarrhea causes excretion of

A

potassium and magnesium

38
Q

hypokalemia manifestations

A 
<3.5
muscle dysfunction (membrane potential) hyperpolarized
abd. distention
dec. bowel sounds/ paralytic ileus
postural hypotension
muscle weakness
flaccid paralysis
respiratory paralysis
39
Q

hyperkalemia manifestations

A 
>5.0
muscles hypopolarized
mild intestinal cramping
diarrhea
-as worsens
skeletal muscles hypopolarized to above resting potential, once discharged will not contract again
muscle weakness
flaccid paralysis
cardiac arrest
40
Q

plasma calcium 3 forms

A

bound to protein (albumin)
bound to small organic ions (citrate)
unbound (free)

41
Q

hypocalcemia manifestations

A 
<4.0
if caused by more binding, total serum normal 
increased muscle excitability
positive: Trousseau and Chvostek signs
parasthesias
muscle twitching 
hyper reflexes
spasms
tetany
seizure
cardiac dysrhythmia
42
Q

hypercalcemia manifestations

A 
>5.5
decreased neuro-muscular excitability 
anorexia
nausea/vomiting
constipation
fatigue
polyuria
muscle weakness
decrease reflexes
HA
confusion
lethargy 
personality change 
cardiac dysrhythmia
43
Q

hypomagnesemia manifestations

A 
<1.5
Mg depresses release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions. inc. mg = dec. acetylcholine
increase neuromuscular excitability
insomnia
increased reflexes
muscle cramps
grmacing
positive: Trousseau and Chvostek
nystagmus
dysphagia
ataxia
seizures
dysrhythmia
44
Q

hypermagnesemia manifestations

A 
>2.5
dec. acetylcholine
dec. deep tendon reflexes
lethargy
hypotension
flushing 
diaphoresis
drowsiness
flaccid paralysis
respiratory depression
bradycardia 
dysrhythmia, arrest
45
Q

hypophostphatemia manifestations

A 
<2.5
important component of ATP 
anorexia
malaise
paresthesias
hemolysis
dec. reflexes
muscle aches/ weakness
respiratory failure 
impaired cardiac function
46
Q

hyperphosphatemia manifestations

A 
>4.5
(hypocalcemia)
increased neuormuscular excitability
positive: Trousseau, Chvostek
paresthesias
muscle twitches/ cramps
increased reflexes
spasms
seizures
cardiac dysrhythmia
47
Q

increased capillary permeability -> edema

A

burn, allergic inflammation reaction = inc. capillary permeability

  • > proteins can move through membrane/ loss of plasma proteins
  • > increased tissue oncotic pressue
  • > edema
48
Q

decreased production of plasma proteins -> edema

A

cirrhosis, malnutrition = dec. production of plasma proteins

  • > decrease in capillary oncotic pressure due to less proteins
  • > fluid build up in tissues
  • > edema
49
Q

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure -> edema

A

venous obstruction, Na & H2O retention, HF = inc. capillary hydrostatic pressure

  • > fluid moves into tissue due to hydrostatic pressure of capillaries > hydrostatic pressure of ECF
  • > edema

Pathophysiology (80 decks)

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