Chapter 5 structure and function of DNA Flashcards

1
Q

chromosomes consist of

A

5-carbon sugar: deoxyribose
phosphate group
1 of 4 nucleotide bases

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2
Q

DNA nucleotide bases

A

cytosine
thymine
guanine
adenine

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3
Q

histone

A

proteins that the DNA helix winds around to form nucleosomes.

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4
Q

chromatin

A

DNA + histones

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5
Q

replication orgins

A

specific places along chromatin where initiator proteins attach to pull apart DNA strands and begin replication.

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6
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme complex that binds to single separated stand of DNA to being forming new complimentary strand.
also proofreads new strand for errors.

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7
Q

DNA replication goes from

A

3’ to 5’
meaning there is a
leading strand: 3’-5’
lagging strand: 5’-3’

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8
Q

characteristics of cell come from

A

proteins and enzymes

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9
Q

amino acids

A

specific sequences that make up proteins to dictate structure and activity

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10
Q

codon

A

3 nucleotides that code for amino acids

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11
Q

stop codon

A

signal end of protein

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12
Q

RNA bases

A

cytosine
uracil
guanine
adenine

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13
Q

mRNA

A

synthesized from DNA template in transcription

carries protein code to cytoplasm for protein manufacturing

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14
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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15
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids due to be united to form proteins.

codons and amino acids do not recognize one another, tRNA translates

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16
Q

transcription

A

mRNA synthesized from a single stranded DNA template

-sense strand: contains desired gene sequense

17
Q

gene transcription begins when

A

RNA-polymerase enyzme binds to a promoter region upstream of desired gene
- matches RNA bases to DNA template

18
Q

intron

A

sections of template that need to be removed before being translated.

19
Q

exons

A

portion of mRNA that will be translated

20
Q

mRNA directs synthesis of

A

proteins with tRNA and ribosomes in the cytoplasm

21
Q

translation

A

mRNA used to synthesize protein

22
Q

ribosome part in protein synthesis

A

needed to align mRNA and tRNA

catalyze peptide bonds holding aminos together

23
Q

gene expression can be regulated at

A

each step in DNA to RNA to protein synthesis

24
Q

transcriptional control

A

gene regulatory proteins control transcription by binding in major groove of DNA near promoter sequence.
can be positive (enhance transcription)
negative (inhibit transcription)

25
Mechanisms of development (4)
cell proliferation cell specialization cell to cell interaction cell movement and migration