Chapter 5 structure and function of DNA

Question 1

chromosomes consist of

Answer 1

5-carbon sugar: deoxyribose
phosphate group
1 of 4 nucleotide bases

Question 2

DNA nucleotide bases

Answer 2

cytosine
thymine
guanine
adenine

Question 3

histone

Answer 3

proteins that the DNA helix winds around to form nucleosomes.

Question 4

chromatin

Answer 4

DNA + histones

Question 5

replication orgins

Answer 5

specific places along chromatin where initiator proteins attach to pull apart DNA strands and begin replication.

Question 6

DNA polymerase

Answer 6

enzyme complex that binds to single separated stand of DNA to being forming new complimentary strand.
also proofreads new strand for errors.

Question 7

DNA replication goes from

Answer 7

3’ to 5’
meaning there is a
leading strand: 3’-5’
lagging strand: 5’-3’

Question 8

characteristics of cell come from

Answer 8

proteins and enzymes

Question 9

amino acids

Answer 9

specific sequences that make up proteins to dictate structure and activity

Question 10

codon

Answer 10

3 nucleotides that code for amino acids

Question 11

stop codon

Answer 11

signal end of protein

Question 12

RNA bases

Answer 12

cytosine
uracil
guanine
adenine

Question 13

mRNA

Answer 13

synthesized from DNA template in transcription

carries protein code to cytoplasm for protein manufacturing

Question 14

rRNA

Answer 14

ribosomal RNA

Question 15

tRNA

Answer 15

carries amino acids due to be united to form proteins.

codons and amino acids do not recognize one another, tRNA translates

Question 16

transcription

Answer 16

mRNA synthesized from a single stranded DNA template

-sense strand: contains desired gene sequense

Question 17

gene transcription begins when

Answer 17

RNA-polymerase enyzme binds to a promoter region upstream of desired gene
- matches RNA bases to DNA template

Question 18

intron

Answer 18

sections of template that need to be removed before being translated.

Question 19

exons

Answer 19

portion of mRNA that will be translated

Question 20

mRNA directs synthesis of

Answer 20

proteins with tRNA and ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 21

translation

Answer 21

mRNA used to synthesize protein

Question 22

ribosome part in protein synthesis

Answer 22

needed to align mRNA and tRNA

catalyze peptide bonds holding aminos together

Question 23

gene expression can be regulated at

Answer 23

each step in DNA to RNA to protein synthesis

Question 24

transcriptional control

Answer 24

gene regulatory proteins control transcription by binding in major groove of DNA near promoter sequence.
can be positive (enhance transcription)
negative (inhibit transcription)

Question 25

Mechanisms of development (4)

Answer 25

cell proliferation
cell specialization
cell to cell interaction
cell movement and migration