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Pathophysiology > Chapter 5 structure and function of DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 5 structure and function of DNA Flashcards

1
Q

chromosomes consist of

A

5-carbon sugar: deoxyribose
phosphate group
1 of 4 nucleotide bases

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2
Q

DNA nucleotide bases

A

cytosine
thymine
guanine
adenine

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3
Q

histone

A

proteins that the DNA helix winds around to form nucleosomes.

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4
Q

chromatin

A

DNA + histones

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5
Q

replication orgins

A

specific places along chromatin where initiator proteins attach to pull apart DNA strands and begin replication.

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6
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme complex that binds to single separated stand of DNA to being forming new complimentary strand.
also proofreads new strand for errors.

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7
Q

DNA replication goes from

A

3’ to 5’
meaning there is a
leading strand: 3’-5’
lagging strand: 5’-3’

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8
Q

characteristics of cell come from

A

proteins and enzymes

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9
Q

amino acids

A

specific sequences that make up proteins to dictate structure and activity

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10
Q

codon

A

3 nucleotides that code for amino acids

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11
Q

stop codon

A

signal end of protein

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12
Q

RNA bases

A

cytosine
uracil
guanine
adenine

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13
Q

mRNA

A

synthesized from DNA template in transcription

carries protein code to cytoplasm for protein manufacturing

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14
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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15
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids due to be united to form proteins.

codons and amino acids do not recognize one another, tRNA translates

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16
Q

transcription

A

mRNA synthesized from a single stranded DNA template

-sense strand: contains desired gene sequense

17
Q

gene transcription begins when

A

RNA-polymerase enyzme binds to a promoter region upstream of desired gene
- matches RNA bases to DNA template

18
Q

intron

A

sections of template that need to be removed before being translated.

19
Q

exons

A

portion of mRNA that will be translated

20
Q

mRNA directs synthesis of

A

proteins with tRNA and ribosomes in the cytoplasm

21
Q

translation

A

mRNA used to synthesize protein

22
Q

ribosome part in protein synthesis

A

needed to align mRNA and tRNA

catalyze peptide bonds holding aminos together

23
Q

gene expression can be regulated at

A

each step in DNA to RNA to protein synthesis

24
Q

transcriptional control

A

gene regulatory proteins control transcription by binding in major groove of DNA near promoter sequence.
can be positive (enhance transcription)
negative (inhibit transcription)

25
Q

Mechanisms of development (4)

A

cell proliferation
cell specialization
cell to cell interaction
cell movement and migration

Pathophysiology (80 decks)

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