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Pathophysiology > Module 13 general anatomy > Flashcards

Module 13 general anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

pharynx

A

propel food into esophagus

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2
Q

oral cavity, teeth, tongue

A

mechanical breakdown, mixing with salivary secretions

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3
Q

salivary glands

A

secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that initiate digestion

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4
Q

Liver

A 
secretion of bile
storage of nutrients
production of:
- cellular fuels
- plasma proteins, 
- clotting factors
detoxification
phagocytosis
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5
Q

Esophagus

A

transport of food into the stomach

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6
Q

Pancreas

A

secretion of buffers and digestive enzymes by exocrine cells
secretion of hormones by endocrine cells
regulate digestion

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7
Q

Stomach

A

chemical breakdown of food by acid and enzymes

mechanical breakdown via muscular contractions.

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8
Q

gallbladder

A

storage and concentration of bile

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9
Q

large intestine

A

dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials for elimination
resorption of H2O and electrolytes
host defense

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10
Q

small intestine

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of H2O, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions
host defense
duodenum, jujenum, ileum

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11
Q

Sphincters

A 
upper and lower esophageal sphincters
pylorus: between stomach and duodenum 
Sphincter of Oddi: between pancreas and SI
ileocecal valve: SI and LI
internal and external anal sphincters
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12
Q

musculature of GI

A

out to in

  • serosa
  • longitudinal muscle layer
  • circular muscle layer
  • submucosa
  • mucosa
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13
Q

GI lined with

A

simple columnar epithelium with millions of gastric glands that extend into mucosa
Glands have specialized cells

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14
Q

Specialized cells of GI glands

A

chief cells
parietal cells
mucous cells
gastrin

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15
Q

chief cells

A

pepsinogen; inactive pepsin

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16
Q

parietal cells

A

hydrochloric acid

intrinsic factor

17
Q

mucous cells

A

produce layer of alkaline mucus to sheild stomach wall

18
Q

gastrin

A

microvili that monitor pH

19
Q

Neural control

A 
CNS: autonomic
Intrinsic nervous system 
- 2 layers
-- myenteric
-- meissner
PSNS and SNS
20
Q

myenteric (auerbach) plexus

A

Neural control
between longitudinal and circular muscles
muscle movement
PSNS stimulation -> inc. activity.
- tonic contraction of intestinal wall inc.
- rhythmic contractions inc. in intensity and rate
- velocity of conduction inc.
SNS stimulation -> dec. activity

21
Q

Meissner (submucosal)

A 
Neural control
lies in submucosa
controls secretions
sensory functions 
- gut epithelium 
- stretch sensors
22
Q

myogenic

A

origin of phasic and tonic contractions
smooth muscle
interstitial cells of cajal

23
Q

myogenic control

A

propagation of slow waves in ICC network
spontaneous activation of pacemaker
-> conduction of slow waves
-> depolarization and activation of Ca channels
Neural input to ICC conducts to smooth muscle and regulates responses to slow wavesGI

24
Q

GI thresholds

A

threshold for contraction
Electrical threshold
- leads to “spikes” or action potentials

25
Q

long reflex

A

stimulus -> chemoreceptor/osmoreceptor/mechanoreceptor -> CNS -> back to local enteric nerve plexus -> effectors (SMC or gland) -> response

26
Q

short reflex

A

stimulus -> chemoreceptor/osmoreceptors/mechanoreceptor -> local enteric nerve plexus -> effectors -> response

27
Q

chemical control liver

A

insulin like GF: somatomedin
angiotensinogen/ angiotensin
thrombopoietin

28
Q

chemical control duodenum

A

secretin

cholecystokinin

29
Q

chemical control kidney

A

renin
EPO
calcitriol
thrombopoietin

30
Q

chemical control stomach

A 
gastrin 
ghrelin
neuropeptie Y
somatostatin
histamine
endothelin
31
Q

chemical control pancreas

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide

32
Q

gastrin

A

secreted in response to food entry

  • inc. motility
  • mediator of gastric acid secretion
  • constrict LES: prevent reflux
33
Q

cholecystokinin

A

secreted in response to fatty substances
-> galbladder contractility inc. -> bile secretion
Stimulates pancreatic secretion
-> regulate gastric emptying, bowel motility

34
Q

secretin

A

in response to entry of acidic gastric juice

-> pancreatic fluid and bicarb secretion

35
Q

Ghrelin

A

peptide:
inc. appetite
stimulates GH
produces wt gain
helps regulate mealtime hunger

36
Q

arterial blood flow

A

aorta

  • Celiac artery
    • hepatic artery: liver
    • gastric artery: stomach
    • splenic artery: spleen, pancreas
  • Superior mesenteric artery: SI, pancreas
  • Inferior mesenteric artery: LI
37
Q

Venous blood flow

A

All GI organs -> portal vein

-> liver -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava

Pathophysiology (80 decks)

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