Module 13 general anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

pharynx

A

propel food into esophagus

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2
Q

oral cavity, teeth, tongue

A

mechanical breakdown, mixing with salivary secretions

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3
Q

salivary glands

A

secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that initiate digestion

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4
Q

Liver

A
secretion of bile
storage of nutrients
production of:
- cellular fuels
- plasma proteins, 
- clotting factors
detoxification
phagocytosis
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5
Q

Esophagus

A

transport of food into the stomach

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6
Q

Pancreas

A

secretion of buffers and digestive enzymes by exocrine cells
secretion of hormones by endocrine cells
regulate digestion

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7
Q

Stomach

A

chemical breakdown of food by acid and enzymes

mechanical breakdown via muscular contractions.

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8
Q

gallbladder

A

storage and concentration of bile

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9
Q

large intestine

A

dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials for elimination
resorption of H2O and electrolytes
host defense

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10
Q

small intestine

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of H2O, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions
host defense
duodenum, jujenum, ileum

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11
Q

Sphincters

A
upper and lower esophageal sphincters
pylorus: between stomach and duodenum 
Sphincter of Oddi: between pancreas and SI
ileocecal valve: SI and LI
internal and external anal sphincters
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12
Q

musculature of GI

A

out to in

  • serosa
  • longitudinal muscle layer
  • circular muscle layer
  • submucosa
  • mucosa
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13
Q

GI lined with

A

simple columnar epithelium with millions of gastric glands that extend into mucosa
Glands have specialized cells

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14
Q

Specialized cells of GI glands

A

chief cells
parietal cells
mucous cells
gastrin

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15
Q

chief cells

A

pepsinogen; inactive pepsin

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16
Q

parietal cells

A

hydrochloric acid

intrinsic factor

17
Q

mucous cells

A

produce layer of alkaline mucus to sheild stomach wall

18
Q

gastrin

A

microvili that monitor pH

19
Q

Neural control

A
CNS: autonomic
Intrinsic nervous system 
- 2 layers
-- myenteric
-- meissner
PSNS and SNS
20
Q

myenteric (auerbach) plexus

A

Neural control
between longitudinal and circular muscles
muscle movement
PSNS stimulation -> inc. activity.
- tonic contraction of intestinal wall inc.
- rhythmic contractions inc. in intensity and rate
- velocity of conduction inc.
SNS stimulation -> dec. activity

21
Q

Meissner (submucosal)

A
Neural control
lies in submucosa
controls secretions
sensory functions 
- gut epithelium 
- stretch sensors
22
Q

myogenic

A

origin of phasic and tonic contractions
smooth muscle
interstitial cells of cajal

23
Q

myogenic control

A

propagation of slow waves in ICC network
spontaneous activation of pacemaker
-> conduction of slow waves
-> depolarization and activation of Ca channels
Neural input to ICC conducts to smooth muscle and regulates responses to slow wavesGI

24
Q

GI thresholds

A

threshold for contraction
Electrical threshold
- leads to “spikes” or action potentials

25
long reflex
stimulus -> chemoreceptor/osmoreceptor/mechanoreceptor -> CNS -> back to local enteric nerve plexus -> effectors (SMC or gland) -> response
26
short reflex
stimulus -> chemoreceptor/osmoreceptors/mechanoreceptor -> local enteric nerve plexus -> effectors -> response
27
chemical control liver
insulin like GF: somatomedin angiotensinogen/ angiotensin thrombopoietin
28
chemical control duodenum
secretin | cholecystokinin
29
chemical control kidney
renin EPO calcitriol thrombopoietin
30
chemical control stomach
``` gastrin ghrelin neuropeptie Y somatostatin histamine endothelin ```
31
chemical control pancreas
insulin glucagon somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide
32
gastrin
secreted in response to food entry - inc. motility - mediator of gastric acid secretion - constrict LES: prevent reflux
33
cholecystokinin
secreted in response to fatty substances -> galbladder contractility inc. -> bile secretion Stimulates pancreatic secretion -> regulate gastric emptying, bowel motility
34
secretin
in response to entry of acidic gastric juice | -> pancreatic fluid and bicarb secretion
35
Ghrelin
peptide: inc. appetite stimulates GH produces wt gain helps regulate mealtime hunger
36
arterial blood flow
aorta - Celiac artery - - hepatic artery: liver - - gastric artery: stomach - - splenic artery: spleen, pancreas - Superior mesenteric artery: SI, pancreas - Inferior mesenteric artery: LI
37
Venous blood flow
All GI organs -> portal vein | -> liver -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava