exam 1

Question 1

plasma membrane make up

Answer 1

lipid bilayer
hydrophobic ends oriented inward
hydrophilic ends oriented outward

Question 2

constituents of plasma membrane

Answer 2

phospholipids
glycolipids
cholesterol

Question 3

what will freely pass through cell membrane

Answer 3

hydrophobic (lipophilic)

Question 4

secondary transport: symport

Answer 4

when the second substance being moved goes in the same direction

Question 5

secondary transport: antiport

Answer 5

when the second substance being moved goes in the opposite direction

Question 6

G protein coupled receptors

Answer 6

interact with other membrane bound proteins that activate second messenger systems. Initiate transduction pathways

Question 7

protein kinase

Answer 7

enzyme catalyzing the transfer of phosphate to from ATP to a protein substrate.

Question 8

uncontrolled entry of calcium into cytosol

Answer 8

destructive agent
activates enzymes
important final pathway in many causes of cell death.

Question 9

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 9

venous obstruction
Na and water retention
heart failure
- fluids move into tissue

Question 10

decreased capillary oncotic pressure

Answer 10

decrease production of plasma proteins

• cirrhosis
• malnutrition

Question 11

Increased tissue oncotic pressure

Answer 11

related to increased capillary permeability
- proteins move into tissues
burns
allergic inflammation reactions

Question 12

lymph obstruction

Answer 12

unable to move proteins out of interstitial fluid

• tumor
• parasites
• removal of lymph nodes

Question 13

pernicious anemia s/s

Answer 13

cognitive dysfunction
paresthesias of feet and hands
wt loss
nerve degeneration

Question 14

iron deficiency anemia s/s

Answer 14

pallor
weakness/fatigue
palpitations
irritability
headaches
pica
spoon-shaped nails
blue sclerae

Question 15

thalassemia major

Answer 15

bone deformities
bowing  of long bones
icterus
hepatomegaly
spleenomegaly
cardiac failure

Question 16

Thalessema intermeda

Answer 16

deforming b one and joint disease

chronic leg ulcerations

Question 17

acute blood loss anemia s/s

Answer 17

tachycardia with exercise
postural drop in BP
cold clammy skin

Question 18

HIT

Answer 18

heparin induced thromobcytopenia

Question 19

ITP

Answer 19

immune/idiopathic thrombocytopenia
increased platelet destruction (autoimmune)
can be seen after an illness

Question 20

transfusion and platelets

Answer 20

platelets degrade in stored blood after 24 hours so when transfused there is no platelets; dilution

Question 21

endothelial cells and platelets

Answer 21

endothelial cells prevent adhesion by releasing nitric oxide and prostaglandin I2 which increases platelet cGMP and cAMP -> decrease in activation of platelets.

Question 22

antibodies at birth

Answer 22

maternal IgG: will be gone around 10 months

small amounts of fetal IgA and IgM

Question 23

antibodies at 6 months of age

Answer 23

fetal IgG, IgA, IgM

declining maternal IgG

Question 24

mother and baby with different blood types

Answer 24

Fc receptor on placenta only lets IgG antibodies through.
IgG attacks Rh factor
IgM attacks ABO factor

Question 25

chorioamnionitis

Answer 25

infection from mother passes to fetus | potential for preterm labor and sick baby

Question 26

bradykinin

Answer 26

responsible for pain in the inflammatory process.

Question 27

kinin and platelet systems linked by

Answer 27

C1 complement

Question 28

nonspecific immunity

Answer 28

first and second line of defense

Question 29

first line of defense immunity

Answer 29

``` chemical barriers -GI lining -Tears mechanical barriers - skin reflexes - coughing - sneezing ```

Question 30

innate immunity

Answer 30

born with it fast and non-specific myeloid cells and NK-cells

Question 31

adaptive immunity

Answer 31

specific: developed cells | B-cells, antibodies, T-cells

Question 32

humoral immunity

Answer 32

humors= body fluids myeloid cells B-cells, antibodies, helper-T cells

Question 33

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 33

does not involve antibodies NK-cells cytotoxic T cells

Question 34

neutrophils and inflammation

Answer 34

first to arrive after injury

Question 35

monocytes/macrophages and inflammation

Answer 35

phagocytosis

Question 36

eosinophils and inflammation

Answer 36

respond to parasitic and allergic | release inflammatory cytokines

Question 37

basophils

Answer 37

release histamine | allergic and hypersensitivity

Question 38

immature neutrophils

Answer 38

bands

Question 39

MHC1 found on

Answer 39

nucleated cells

Question 40

variable region on antibody

Answer 40

allows for specificity of an antibody mediated response

Question 41

hallmarks of inflammation

Answer 41

swelling pain heat redness

Question 42

What activates the classical cascade

Answer 42

Ab-Ag complexes | - Factor X

Question 43

What activates the lectin pathway

Answer 43

Binding of lectin | - C1

Question 44

what activates the alternative patheway

Answer 44

foreign material | -C3b protein

Question 45

generation of clonal diversity

Answer 45

born with specificity in utero | - lymphocytes are differentiated in utero

Question 46

clonal selection

Answer 46

allows identification of antigens

Question 47

Fungal infections are controlled by

Answer 47

phagocytes and T lymphocytes

Question 48

systemic fugal infections are difficult to treat because

Answer 48

``` similar to body cells - Rx attacks host cell as well thick, rigid cell wall composed of polysaccarides - resistant to Tx Evasion of immune system ```

Question 49

protein C and S are

Answer 49

anti-thrombotic

Question 50

synthesis of coagulation factors occures

Answer 50

in the liver

Question 51

All coagulation factors with exception of factor III circulate in blood stream inactively T/F

Answer 51

True

Question 52

heparin inactivates

Answer 52

thrombin and factor X

Question 53

fibinolysis occurs in response to

Answer 53

plasmin

Question 54

CNS symptoms in acute leukemia are due to

Answer 54

cerebral bleeding

Question 55

oncogenic activation can result from a mutated gene coding for

Answer 55

growth factor signaling enzymes transcription factors

Question 56

non disjuntion chromosome mutations

Answer 56

``` down syndrome (21) edward syndrom (18) patau (13) ```

Question 57

sex chromosome disorders

Answer 57

turner (45:x) | klinefelter (XXXXY or XXY)

Question 58

deletion of chromosomes

Answer 58

cri du chat (deletion of part of 5)