exam 1 Flashcards
plasma membrane make up
lipid bilayer
hydrophobic ends oriented inward
hydrophilic ends oriented outward
constituents of plasma membrane
phospholipids
glycolipids
cholesterol
what will freely pass through cell membrane
hydrophobic (lipophilic)
secondary transport: symport
when the second substance being moved goes in the same direction
secondary transport: antiport
when the second substance being moved goes in the opposite direction
G protein coupled receptors
interact with other membrane bound proteins that activate second messenger systems. Initiate transduction pathways
protein kinase
enzyme catalyzing the transfer of phosphate to from ATP to a protein substrate.
uncontrolled entry of calcium into cytosol
destructive agent
activates enzymes
important final pathway in many causes of cell death.
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
venous obstruction
Na and water retention
heart failure
- fluids move into tissue
decreased capillary oncotic pressure
decrease production of plasma proteins
- cirrhosis
- malnutrition
Increased tissue oncotic pressure
related to increased capillary permeability
- proteins move into tissues
burns
allergic inflammation reactions
lymph obstruction
unable to move proteins out of interstitial fluid
- tumor
- parasites
- removal of lymph nodes
pernicious anemia s/s
cognitive dysfunction
paresthesias of feet and hands
wt loss
nerve degeneration
iron deficiency anemia s/s
pallor weakness/fatigue palpitations irritability headaches pica spoon-shaped nails blue sclerae
thalassemia major
bone deformities bowing of long bones icterus hepatomegaly spleenomegaly cardiac failure
Thalessema intermeda
deforming b one and joint disease
chronic leg ulcerations
acute blood loss anemia s/s
tachycardia with exercise
postural drop in BP
cold clammy skin
HIT
heparin induced thromobcytopenia
ITP
immune/idiopathic thrombocytopenia
increased platelet destruction (autoimmune)
can be seen after an illness
transfusion and platelets
platelets degrade in stored blood after 24 hours so when transfused there is no platelets; dilution
endothelial cells and platelets
endothelial cells prevent adhesion by releasing nitric oxide and prostaglandin I2 which increases platelet cGMP and cAMP -> decrease in activation of platelets.
antibodies at birth
maternal IgG: will be gone around 10 months
small amounts of fetal IgA and IgM
antibodies at 6 months of age
fetal IgG, IgA, IgM
declining maternal IgG
mother and baby with different blood types
Fc receptor on placenta only lets IgG antibodies through.
IgG attacks Rh factor
IgM attacks ABO factor
chorioamnionitis
infection from mother passes to fetus
potential for preterm labor and sick baby
bradykinin
responsible for pain in the inflammatory process.
kinin and platelet systems linked by
C1 complement
nonspecific immunity
first and second line of defense
first line of defense immunity
chemical barriers -GI lining -Tears mechanical barriers - skin reflexes - coughing - sneezing
innate immunity
born with it
fast and non-specific
myeloid cells and NK-cells
adaptive immunity
specific: developed cells
B-cells, antibodies, T-cells
humoral immunity
humors= body fluids
myeloid cells
B-cells, antibodies, helper-T cells
Cell-mediated immunity
does not involve antibodies
NK-cells
cytotoxic T cells
neutrophils and inflammation
first to arrive after injury
monocytes/macrophages and inflammation
phagocytosis
eosinophils and inflammation
respond to parasitic and allergic
release inflammatory cytokines
basophils
release histamine
allergic and hypersensitivity
immature neutrophils
bands
MHC1 found on
nucleated cells
variable region on antibody
allows for specificity of an antibody mediated response
hallmarks of inflammation
swelling
pain
heat
redness
What activates the classical cascade
Ab-Ag complexes
- Factor X
What activates the lectin pathway
Binding of lectin
- C1
what activates the alternative patheway
foreign material
-C3b protein
generation of clonal diversity
born with specificity in utero
- lymphocytes are differentiated in utero
clonal selection
allows identification of antigens
Fungal infections are controlled by
phagocytes and T lymphocytes
systemic fugal infections are difficult to treat because
similar to body cells - Rx attacks host cell as well thick, rigid cell wall composed of polysaccarides - resistant to Tx Evasion of immune system
protein C and S are
anti-thrombotic
synthesis of coagulation factors occures
in the liver
All coagulation factors with exception of factor III circulate in blood stream inactively T/F
True
heparin inactivates
thrombin and factor X
fibinolysis occurs in response to
plasmin
CNS symptoms in acute leukemia are due to
cerebral bleeding
oncogenic activation can result from a mutated gene coding for
growth factor
signaling enzymes
transcription factors
non disjuntion chromosome mutations
down syndrome (21) edward syndrom (18) patau (13)
sex chromosome disorders
turner (45:x)
klinefelter (XXXXY or XXY)
deletion of chromosomes
cri du chat (deletion of part of 5)
