chapter 10

Question 1

excessive immune response

Answer 1

hypersensitivity

Question 2

mechanisms of hypersensitivity

Answer 2

type 1: igE mediated
type 2: tissue specific reactions
type 3: immune complex mediated
type 4: cell mediated.

Question 3

type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 3

IgE mediated

immediate hypersensitivity: 12-10 minutes after exposure to antigen (allergy) s/s appear

Question 4

primary effector cells of type 1

Answer 4

mast cells
basophils
- release chemicals that trigger immune response

Question 5

primary mediators of type 1

Answer 5

histamine
proteases
chemotactic factors: ECF, NCF

Question 6

s/s of type 1 hypersensitivty

Answer 6

hives. allergic rhinitis
eczema. bronchoconstriction
localized edema wheezing
tachycardia anaphylaxis

Question 7

type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 7

tissue specific, IgG, IgM mediated

- antibodies attack antigens on specific cells or tissues

Question 8

examples of type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 8

ABO transfusion reactions
hemolytic disease of newborn
myasthenia gravis

Question 9

alloimmunity

Answer 9

immune system attacks antigens on tissues from other members of the same species.

Question 10

type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 10

immune complex reaction, IgG, IgM
- not tissue specific
- results from failure to remove complexes effectively.
deposits in tissues

Question 11

3 scenarios for type 3

Answer 11

recent infection or persistent low-grade fever
- weak antibody response
- circulating antigen forms chronic immune complex production
extrinsic environmental antigen: mold, plants, animals
- inhaled, exposed to antibody in body fluid
- complex formation in alveoli
autoimmune process
- antibodies attack self antigens
- chronic immune complex production

Question 12

type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 12

delayed hypersensitivity reaction: T-cells.
cytotoxic T cells: activate apoptosis
helper t cells: activate phagocytic cells

Question 13

examples of type 4

Answer 13

contact dermatitis

graft rejection

Question 14

autoimmunity

Answer 14

immune system recognizes self as foreign, amounts immune response

Question 15

autoimmunity can be caused by failure of

Answer 15

central or peripheral tolerance with T cells.

Question 16

genetic factors and autoimmunity

Answer 16

females increased risk

gene factors

Question 17

environmental triggers and autoimmunity

Answer 17

chronic or multiple viral/bacterial infections may trigger autoimmune disease in susceptible person.

Question 18

immunodeficiency

Answer 18

decrease in one of more components of immune system

• lymphocytes
• antibodies
• phagocytes
• complement proteins

Question 19

primary immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 19

congenital or acquired

Question 20

secondary immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 20

consequence of non-immune system disorders/treatments: secondarily affects immune function.

• stress
• dietary insufficiencies
• malignancies
• physical trauma/burns
• medical treatments
• infections
• AIDS

Question 21

Hallmark sign of immunodeficiency

Answer 21

recurrent infections, often with opportunistic organisms.

Question 22

B & T cell combined disorder

Answer 22

severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID)

• common stem cell for all WBC is missing
• will need stem cell transplant

Question 23

T cell immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 23

• viral, fungal, yeast, and atypical microorganisms
• diGeorge syndrom: deletion syndrome: dec. or no thymus
• chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
• • genetic, T-cells doens produce cytokines needed for immune response to c. albicans.

Question 24

B cell and phagocyte disorders

Answer 24

microorganisms requiring opsonization

• agammaglobulinemia: genetic disorder, lack of normal B cell development in bone marrow
• common variable immunodeficiency: low titers of immunoglobulins, inability to differentiate into plasma cells

Question 25

complement immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 25

present like antibody deficiencies

most severe is : C3 deficiency: links all complement pathways.