Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

transient microorganisms

A

pass through host without causing harm or establishing residence

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2
Q

commensal

A

established residency in host but do not cause harm, may be beneficial
- normal flora

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3
Q

physical and mechanical barriers of host

A

epithelial cells

  • skin: inhabits bacterial and fungal growth
  • Gi/GU: mucous membranes trap microorganisms and remove them
  • respiratory tract: mucociliary system sweeps organisms up and out
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4
Q

biochemical barriers of host

A

acidic environment
acid in stomach
antimicrobial chemcials

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5
Q

impaired immune system can be due to

A
immunosuppressive drugs
inflammatory disorders
poor nutrition
young or old age
chronic illness
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6
Q

Pathogen characteristics

A
adherence and invasion
bacterial endotoxin
bacterial exotoxin
evasion of immune cells 
antimicrobial resistance
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7
Q

Endotoxin

A

in cell well, gram negative. lipopolysaccharides released when cell is destroyed.

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8
Q

exotoxin

A

toxin secreted by bacteria, gram positive

released during bacterial growth

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9
Q

evasion of immune cells

A

coating on surface prevents phagocytosis

biofilm: bacteria uses host to create capsule and hide.

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10
Q

bacteria

A

singe-celled, rigid-walled organisms with no internal organs

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11
Q

shapes of bacteria

A

cocci: spherical (clusters, chains, pairs, tetrads)
bacilli: rod shaped
spiral

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12
Q

sprochetes

A

bacteria that possess motile spiral filament

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13
Q

mycoplasma

A

smallest bacteria, no rigid wall and pleomorphic

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14
Q

Rickettsia:

A

intracellular parasites with variety of shape

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15
Q

chlamydia

A

intracellular parasite with complex life cycle

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16
Q

gram positive

A

thick cell wall, peptidoglycan layer. stains purple

17
Q

gram negative

A

thin cell wall

18
Q

nutritional requirements of bacteria

A

anaerobic

aerobic

19
Q

colonization of bacteria

A

require adhesion: limits sites where bacteria can colonize.

20
Q

fungi

A

eukaryotic microorganisms with complex structures and thick, rigid cells walls. Do have organelles.

21
Q

dermatophytes

A

fungi in skin, hair, and nails

22
Q

deep fungal infections

A

life threatening due to similar make up to host cells. Medications also kill host cells.

23
Q

parasites

A

range from small unicellular protozoan to large worms.

24
Q

4 families of parasites

A

protozoa: single celled
nemathelminths: round worms
platyhelminths: flat worms
arthropoda: invertebrate with jointed appendages.

25
parasite transmission
vector - mosquitoes - water/food - oral
26
viruses
``` smalles infectie angents consist of: - protein shell: capsid - core genetic material (RNA or DNA) - some have protective envelope encircling capsid ```
27
classification of viruses
DNA or RNA Double or single stranded Retrovirus: contains enzyme reverse transcriptase
28
reverse transcriptase
converts RNA to DNA
29
obligate intracellular parasite
viruses require host
30
zoonotic
animal reservoir of virus
31
CCR5- delta 32 gene
natural immunity to HIV, especially with both genes mutated
32
chain of transmission of microorganism
Reservoir: human animal insect soil Portal of exit: nasal mucosa, oral mucosa Mode of transmission: insect bite, nasal droplets, semen Portal of entry: nasal mucosa, oral mucosa, skin abrasion, skin puncture, sex Susceptible victim: malnourished, unimmunized, immune compromised.
33
bacteria classified by (2) and then further differentiated by (3)
morphology and gram staining | nutritional requirements, colony characteristics, resistance patterns
34
HIV p24 contains 2(blank) and 3 enzymes
RNA protease integrase reverse transcriptase
35
gp120 and gp41
Have similar characteristics to MHC, immune system does not recognize them.
36
pediatric Dx of HIV
personal hx, viral culture, clinical manifestations. | - CNS is particularly vulnerable: developmental delays, impaired brain growth, motor deficits.