lower narrow portion of uterus, extends to vagina - internal os: uterine end - external os: vaginal end

female reproductive system Flashcards by Chelsey Miller

ovary

covered in single layer of epithelium
beneath: dense fibrous CT: tunia albuginea
-outer portion of cortex 
remainder of cortex: CT: stroma
inner most part: medulla
-loose CT

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Stroma of ovary

inner cortex

contains ova of various stages of maturation

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oogonium surrounded by

granulosa

oogomium+ granulosa cells = follicle

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oogonia during prenatal development

increase in size and become primary oocytes

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prior to puberty oocytes

are in nonactive phase

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after puberty oocytes

a few develop into follicles each month in response to FSH

vast majority die by atresia
only one per month will develop and eject through cell wall.

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mature follicle

graafian follicle

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free end of oviduct/fallopian tube

adjacent to ovary

infundibulum

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infundibulum

shaped like funnel with long projections= fimbriae

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ampulla

longest part of oviduct

- lined with ciliated mucous membrane

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isthmus

short narrow point of oviduct near uterus

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fertilization occurs

in oviduct

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fundus

rounded part of uterus by fallopian tubes

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corpus

main portion of uterus

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cervix

lower narrow portion of uterus, extends to vagina

internal os: uterine end
external os: vaginal end

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3 layers of uterus

serosa: outer most layer
myometrium: middle layer
endometrium: inner most lining

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serosa

single layer mesothelial cells supported by thin layer loose CT

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myometrium

3 layers of smooth muscle with muscle fibers arranged in different directions

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endometrium

2 layers
a thin deep layer: basilar layer
thick superficial layer: functional layer
- has constant cyclic activity of alternant proliferation and sloughing of functional layer in response to estrogen and progesterone

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vagina

exit for discarded endometrium
lower end of birth canal
highly elastic muscle capable of considerable distention
rugae: 2 longitudinal ridges along anterior and posterior walls with transverse folds
walls thin with age

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mons pubis

rounded elevation in front of pubis symphysis

labia majora

folds from mons pubis down to area behind vagina

labia minora

2 small skin folds between majora, either side of vagina

clitoris

erectile tissue

covered by fold of tissue: prepuce

menstrual cycle

2 significant results - stimulation of the production of an ovum - preparation of the uterine endometrium for implantation

cycle

average 28 days | - 20-45 nml

ovulation

approximately 14 days before next cycle

FSH

stimulates follicles to develop | increases during the follicular/proliferative phase

FSH and LH

increase during ovulation to cause release of ovum

progesterone

increase during luteal phase | secreted by corpus leteum

estrogen

increased right before ovulation - makes anterior pituitary more responsive to LHRH increased during luteal phase - secreted by the developing follicles, stimulates uterine endometrium growth

corpus luteum

site of ruptured follicle - secretes estrogen and progesterone - stimulates continued thickening of endometrium - if pregnancy does not occur corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone and estrogen decrease

dec. of estrogen and progesterone during luteal phase causes

constriction of spiral arteries in uterine wall - portion of endometrium becomes ischemic - cells dies, tissue sloughed off and menstration begins. - -prostaglandins play roll in sloughing

fertilization

approx. day 7 | - placental development begins

placenta secretes

HCG | -signals corpus luteum to continue to function.

breast

accessory organ in sexual function and human reproduction | primary function: milk lactation

cooper ligaments

fibrous bands in breast that help maintain position | - easily stretched.

glandular epithelial of breast

15-20 lobes per breast | ductal system embedded in interstitial fat/tissue

alveoli

grape like clusters of secretory cells constituting the glandular epithelium - ducts from each one unite to form single duct form each lobe

ampullae

main ducts of alveoli/lobes enlarge slightly before opening onto the surface of nipple

nipple

composed of bundles of smooth muscle fibers with erectile functions

lactiferous ducts

arranged radially under areola | - 15-20 small openings located on surface of each nipple through which milk flows

5 tanner stages

childhood: breast contains only rudimentary glands puberty: estrogen and progesterone, with GH and prolactin, promote development reproductive years: inc. progesterone can cause breast swelling during menstration

lactation

inc. estrogen and progesterone produced by corpus luteum and placenta stimulate development of glands and ducts in breasts

1st trimester lactation

ducts proliferate

2nd trimester lactation

ducts group together to form large lobules with new alveoli formation

3 trimester lactation

existing alveoli dilate in preparation for lactation

colostrum

formed by mammary glands toward the end of pregnancy and until 1-3 days after birth - high in protein and lactose but little fat

after birth lactation

anterior pituitary secretes prolactin and stimulates milk production - milk produced by 3rd day after delivery

suckling

stimulates release of prolactin from anterior pituitary and oxytocin from posterior pituitary. - hormones stimulate laction and ejection of milk from alveoli into ducts - oxytocin promotes actual release of milk - - milk ejection reflex

hormones in latter part of pregnancy

increased estrogen - increased uterine contractility progesterone stays constant or dec. slightly - inhibits uterine contractility once estrogen levels rise above progesterone: inc. contractility

oxytocin in latter part of pregnancy

causes uterine contractions | - contractions during birth