Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > brain injury > Flashcards

brain injury Flashcards

1
Q

2 categories of brain injury

A

primary

secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

primary brain injury

A

occurs immediately at onset of brain injury

  • trauma: shearing, tearing, stretching
  • stroke, ischemia: necrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

secondary brain injury

A

development of further neurologic damages and changes subsequent to primary injury
- leads to progressive neuro-degeneration and delayed cell death, damage some distance away form primary injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

increased intracranial pressure

A

normal: 0-15 mmHg
increased: acute brain injury, impaired neuro function: compression of brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 components of brain volume

A

brain tissue
CSF
blood
- slight increase in one will be offset by a decrease in others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

common causes of increased ICP

A

stroke
trauma
tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

S/S of increased ICP

A 
HA
vomiting
altered LOC
blurry vision
-later stages:
decreased pupil response
altered respiratory pattern 
unresponsive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

brain compression

A

complication of increased ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

brain herniation

A

protrusion of brain tissue through opening in supporting dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

characterized by severity, location, and mechanism of injury

  • concussion
  • contusion
  • intracranial hematomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

severity of brain injury

A

GCS on admission or lowest in 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nontraumatic brain injury

A

cerebrovascular disease
cerebral aneurysm
arteriovenous malformation
CNS infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

contusion

A

an area of brain tissue damage

  • focal injury
  • polar injury
  • diffuse axonal injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

focal injury

A

coup

localized to site of impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

polar injury

A

coup-countercoup

due to acceleration-deceleration movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

diffuse axonal injury

A

due to movement of brain within the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

intracranial hematoma: 3 types

A

epidural
subdural
subarachnoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

epidural hematoma

A

blood between dura and skull
brief period of disturbed consciousness followed by a period of normal cognition (lucid interval) then consciousness rapidly deteriorates
-typically involves artery

19
Q

subdural hematoma

A

blood between dura and outer layer of arachnoid membrane
-typically involves veins, onset may be slower
Acute: s/s in 24hours
Subacute: increased ICP 2-10days later
Chronic: variable presentation days to weeks later

20
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

blood between arachnoid and pia mater
Traumatic: due to rupture of bridging veins
Nontraumatic: rupture of cerebral aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations
-blood spreads through CSF causing meningeal irritation, hydrocephalus, HA, vasospasms, ischemia

21
Q

cerebrovascular disease and stroke

A

abnormal cerbral perfusion

  • TIA
  • ischemic stroke
  • hemorrhage stroke
22
Q

s/s of stroke

A
  • numbness/ weakness in face, arm, leg, unilateral
  • confusion, trouble talking
  • visual disturbance
  • dizzy. loss of balance
23
Q

Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)

A

neuro symptoms typically last only minutes, but the may last as long as 24 hours.
-warning signs of thrombotic disease and carry a significant risk for subsequent stroke

24
Q

ischemic stroke

A

sudden occlusion of cerebral artery secondary to thrombus or embolization

  • thrombus: atherosclerosis and hypercoagualbe states
  • emboli: cardiac source: a-fib
25
Q

acute ischemia in brain

A

neuro deficit within 1 minutes

can have infarct and necrosis

26
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

hemorrhage in brain parenchyma

- due to HTN

27
Q

parenchyma

A

functional tissue

28
Q

stroke Tx

A

assure airway, resp. status and CV function
assess neuro deficit
CT to determin ischemic or hemorrhagic

29
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke tx

A

returning BP to normal could result in ischemia

- return to normal slowly once pt is stable

30
Q

ischemic stroke tx

A

aspirin: affects platelet aggregation and inhibits thrombus size
thrombolytic therapy
BP management
anticoagulant therapy

31
Q

Stroke sequelae

A

Motor:
- flaccidity or paralysis: recovery about 6wks
sensory:
- may involve neglect or visual impairment
Language
- aphasia
Cognitive deficit
- impaired language skills, spatial relationship skills, concentration, reasoning, and short-term memory

32
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

lesion of an artery that results in dilation and ballooning of a segment of vessel
- HTN, acute alcohol use, recreational drug use ( cocaine)

33
Q

cerebral aneurysm s/s

A 
increased ICP
distorts intracranial structures
secondary cerebral vasospasm (constriction around rupture)
-reduced blood flow
- increased ischemia, possible infarct 
risk for rebleed
risk for hydrocephalus
34
Q

cerebral aneursym tx

A

surgical stabilization

35
Q

arteriovenous malformation

A

vascular lesions though to be congenital
failure of capillary system to develop, arteries shunt blood directly to veins.
- high pressure causes vessels to progressively enlarge
- risk of rupture and hemorrhage

36
Q

vascular steal syndrome

A

abnormal shunting of blood to arteriovenous malformation results in ischemia in normal tissue
- neuro dysfunction

37
Q

arteriovenous malformation tx

A

surgically removed

shrink with gamma radiation

38
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

microbial invasion of CNS
most common cause: streptococus pneumoniae
usually bacterial

39
Q

s/s of bacterial meningitis

A

headache
fever
stiff neck
cerebral dysfunction

40
Q

CNS infections organisms gain acces to CNs by

A

hematogenous: blood
middle ear or paranasal sinuses
vertical: maternal fetal exchange

41
Q

encephalitis

A 
inflammation of the brain 
commonly causes by viruses
-west nile
-western equine 
- herpes simplex
42
Q

treatment of encephalitis

A 
supportive with control of symptoms
antiviral
steroids
anti-seizure
fluid resuscitation
43
Q

brain abscess

A

localized collection of pus in brain parenchyma
-penetrating wounds
-direct extension or retrograde thrombophlebitis neighboring structure
-blood-borne form distant site
s/s 1-4 weeks after initial infection

44
Q

brain abscess tx

A

drainage or excision
IV abx
post infection: neuro deficits
-cognitive, motor, sensory

Pathophysiology (80 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions