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PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient > Yest and mold > Flashcards

Yest and mold Flashcards

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1
Q

Mycology

A

Macroscopic and microscopic organisms
 Microbiology includes ONLY microscopic fungi

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2
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Use organic chemical substances as sources of energy

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3
Q

Saprophytes

A

Obtaining nutrients from dead organic material

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4
Q

Oxygen requirements

A
  • Most fungi are obligate aerobes need oxygen
  • Some yeasts, however, are facultatively anaerobic obtain through fermentation
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5
Q

Chemical requirements for fungi

A
  • Grow better in at pH 5
  • Sabouraud Media is the selective media
  • Acid inhibit growth
  • Grow in high sugar and salt concentration; resistant to osmotic pressure
  • Can grow in low moisture content
  • Can metabolize complex carbohydrates
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6
Q

Yeasts

A
  • Monocellular. Occasionally
    organised into pseudohyphae
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Form white, smooth, round, uniform colonies
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7
Q

Molds

A
  • Pluricellular, organised into
    hyphae
  • Asexual or sexual reproduction
  • Fuzzy colonies with a variety of colours
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8
Q

Similarities and differences between bacteria and fungi

A
  • Fungi is eukaryotic whereas bacteria is prokayotic
  • Sterol is present in fungi but not in bacteria
  • Bacteria has Peptidoglycan whereas fungi has chitin
  • Bigger nucleus and organelles in fungi but not bacteria
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9
Q

Fungal vs mammalian cells

A
  • Fungal has cell wall
  • Plasma membrane possesses different sterols (ergosterol)
  • Presence of vacuoles in fungi - Large compartments for storage of molecules, protein degradation
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10
Q

Chitin

A
  • layer, a long-chain polymer of
    N-acetylglucosamine
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11
Q

Glucans

A
  • Polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers network
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12
Q

Mannoproteins

A
  • Glycoprotiens that are on the external side
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13
Q

Echinocandin

A
  • Targets the synthesis of glucans
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14
Q

Polyenes

A
  • Nystatin is an example of targets ergosterol and causes pores in the cell membrane
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15
Q

Azoles

A
  • Flucanzole is an example of allylamines prevent the synthesis of ergosterol
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16
Q

Importance of fungi

A
  • Degrading organic materials
  • Making alcoholic beverages (wine, beer)
  • Food preparation (bread, some cheeses, soy sauce)
  • Commercial production of some organic acids (gallic, citric)
  • Manufacturing of drugs (ciclosporins) and antibiotics (penicillin)
  • Commensal microbes of normal microbiota
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17
Q

Harmful effects of fungi

A
  • Food spoilage
  • Contamination of pharmaceutical preparations
  • Causing diseases
  • Example of mycoses
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18
Q

Spread of mycoses

A
  • Generally from the environment to people (by spores)
  • By spores (moulds) or direct contacts (yeasts)
  • Limited person-to-person spread
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19
Q

Entry site of Mycoses

A
  • Skin - direct contact, cuts, splinters
  • Lungs - inhaling spores
20
Q

Virulence factors of mycoses

A
  • Mycotoxins
  • Enzymes
21
Q

Superfical fungal infection

A
  • Outer skin layer or on hair shafts
    caused mostly by yeasts example of black Piedra and dandruff
22
Q

Cutaneous fungal infections

A
  • Affects keratin-containing tissues
  • Example ringworms and atheletes foot
23
Q

Subcutaneous fungal infection

A
  • Chronic infection of subdermal tissues may require surgical intervention
  • Sporotrichosis is the example of infection
24
Q

Systemic fungal infection

A
  • Infection deep within body, affects many tissues and organs such as Blastomycosis
25
Q

Opportunistic fungal infection

A
  • Caused by normal microbiota or fungi that are not usually pathogenic such as Candidiasis Aspergillosis
26
Q

Pateients at risk of Mycoses

A
  • Impaired immune system
  • Surgery and long-term use of
    corticosteroids
  • Indwelling catheters
  • Chemotherapy for malignant cancer, Solid organ
    transplantation
27
Q

Yeasts

A
  • Unicellular and non-filamentous organisms with oval/spherical shape
28
Q

Reproduction of yeast

A
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Most by budding
  • New organism develops from an outgrowth (bud)
  • ASYMETRICAL cell division at one particular site
  • Parent remains the same
  • Could be caused by binarry fission
29
Q

Candida yeast

A
  • Most clinically relevant yeast
30
Q

Polymorphic yeast

A
  • Pseudohyphae may be formed
  • Budding yeast cells that remain attached to each other
31
Q

Normal microbiota

A
  • Lives in the oral cavity, GI and genital tracts
  • common cause of fungal opportunistic infections
  • Immunocompromised patients or when the microbiota is altered
32
Q

Candidasis

A
  • Infections caused by any species of Candida
  • Oral lining of your mouth Candida
33
Q

Genus Cryptococcus

A
  • Spherical, single cell yeast
  • Surrounded by a peculiar and unusual
    polysaccharide capsule
34
Q

Pathogen with low virulence

A
  • Cryptococcus is NOT part of normal microbiota
  • However, it causes serious infections merely in severely immune compromised
35
Q

Moulds

A
  • Multicellular organisms consisting of threadlike
    tubular structures called hyphae
  • The hyphae form together to produce a mat-like
    structure called a mycelium
36
Q

Vegetative mycelium

A
  • Elongates to obtain nutrients and anchor the mould on the Agar
37
Q

Aerial mycelium

A
  • Grow on top and have
    reproduction function and produces spores
38
Q

Mould reproduction

A
  • Sexual or asexual
  • Mould can reproduce asexually by fragmentation:
  • Fragment into sections and grow
39
Q

Asexual spore production

A
  • Organism produced by mitosis
40
Q

Sexual spore production

A
  • Involves the fusion of haploid spores (after meiosis)
    from partner of opposite mating type
41
Q

Genus Aspergillus

A
  • Ubiquitous moulds found in soil, on plants
42
Q

Pulmonary aspergillosis

A
  • Interstitial pneumonitis or localized ball-shaped infiltrates
43
Q

Invasive aspergillus

A
  • Infection can
    spread from lung to heart, brain, kidneys
44
Q

Selective toxicity for antifungal drugs

A
  • Challenging than antibiotics due to similarity with human cells
  • toxicity is observed, especially in chronic infection
45
Q

Treatment for aspergillosis

A
  • Voriconazole Within the class of azoles targeting synthesis of ergosterol
46
Q

Invasive candidiasis treatment

A
  • Echinocandins targeting synthesis of glucans which is a component of the cell wall

PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient (64 decks)

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