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PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient > Blood pressure & CVS disease continuum > Flashcards

Blood pressure & CVS disease continuum Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood pressure

A
  • Pressure exerted on the walls blood vessel
  • Pressure is essential to perfuse all the cells of the entire body
  • Systemic: systole/diastole 120/80 mmHg
  • Pulmonary: 25/8 mmHg
  • Venous: 6-8 mmHg
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2
Q

Calculate BP

A

Cardiac x Peripheral Resistance

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3
Q

Cardiac output

A

Heart rate x Stroke volume

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4
Q

Normotension

Autoregulation

A
  • Change in blood flow detected by local receptor in microprofusion (Tissue fluid formation)
  • Involentary vary depending on metabolic need
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5
Q

Normotension

Neural

A
  • Nerve that releases sympathetic and parasympathetic activity modulate BP
  • Short-term regulation of blood pressure
  • Responses to transient changes in arterial pressure, via baroreflex mechanisms
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6
Q

Blood viscosity effect on blood pressure

A
  • Causing polycythaemia causes too much red blood cells
  • Impacting the blood flow and vascular resistance
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7
Q

Hormonal

A
  • Long term regulation of blood pressure e.g. ADH in kidney
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8
Q

Neural regulation

Aortic arch

A

Baroreceptors in the aorta

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9
Q

Neural regulation

Carotid sinus

A

Baroreceptors in the carotid artery (more than one)

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10
Q

Neural regulation

Vagus nerve

A

Connects the Baroreceptors to the vasomotor control in brain stem (informs the pressure and regulate heart)

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11
Q

Neural regulation

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Connect the Carotid Sinus to the vasomotor centre (regulate short term blood pressure) e.g. stress

trigger ehen there is low CO2 and O2

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12
Q

Neural response to high blood pressure

A
  • Baroreceptors sense the high pressure and they start firing signals to the cardiovascular centres in the brain
  • Vagal innovation causes the supression of the heart rate via the sypathetic nervous system
  • Vaodialation occours in the vasomotor cells to decrease blood pressure
  • Noradrenaline decreases the heart rate and the heart contraction
  • Cause decrease in cardiac output decrease
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13
Q

Neural response to low blood pressure

A
  • Decrease in arterial blood pressure which is dectected by the baroreceptors that supresses its firing rate
  • Signal is transmitted to cardiovasular centre which increases sympathetic cardiac activity
  • Causes the release of adrenaline increase heart contraction and cardiac output
  • Supression of vagal activity therefore vasoconstriction occours which causes sympathetic vasomotor activity
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14
Q

Hormonal regulation

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Low blood pressure

A
  • Causes renal Hypoperfusion due to low pressure this stimulates granular cells that stimulates the release of Renin (enzyme)
  • The liver releases angiotensinogen in the circulatory systen is converted by the Renin into Angiotensin I
  • The lungs then secreates Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to convert Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
  • Stimulation of aldersterone from adrenal cortex this increases sodium reabsorbtion
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15
Q

Angiotensin II

low BP

A
  • Peptide hormone that acts as a vasoconstricter of smooth muscle
  • This increases the pressure and peripheral
  • Stimulates hormones the Aldosterone
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16
Q

Aldosterone

Low BP

A
  • Increases sodium reabsorbtion so electrolytes are not lost via Na/K+ pump
  • Osmotic pressure increases as water moves in due to decrease in water potential
  • Invascular volume increased via supiror and inferior vena cava (venus return
  • Increease cardiac output and peripheral resistance
17
Q

Hormonal regulation

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

High blood pressure

A
  • Causes renal Hyperperfusion due to high pressure this stimulates granular cells that supresses the release of Renin (enzyme)
  • Causes vasodialation more blood flow reducing the peripheral resistance
  • No aldersterone so decrease in Sodium absorbtion
  • More sodium excreated in urine with water reduce intervasular volume so decrease in venous return and cardiac output
18
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A
  • Secreated by Hypothalamus & transported to prosterior pituitary
  • Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb more water as lumen becomes permeable to water
  • Prevent loss of fluids in the urine increasing fluid levels resore blood volume and pressure
19
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

A
  • Secreated by cells in the atria of the heart
  • Natriuretic hormones are antagonists to angiotensin II
  • preventing aldosterone release helps loss of sodium and water from the kidneys.
  • Suppress renin, aldosterone, and ADH production and release.
  • Blood volume and blood pressure drop restore blood volume
20
Q

Adrenaline/Nor-adrenaline

A
  • Released in the adrenal medulla
  • Extends the body’s sympathetic nervous system
  • Increase heart rate and force of contraction
  • Vasoconstriction and moblisation of liver
21
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • Decrease in blood flow and oxygen levels decrease (hypoxia)
  • EPO released by the kidneys which stimulates production of erythrocytes in bone marrow its a vasoconstrictor
  • Increase viscosity resistance and pressure
  • Decrease in oxygen
22
Q

Exercise and blood pressure

A
  • The contraction of the muscle can regulate vascular homeostasis
23
Q

Decrease in stroke volume

Hypovolmia

Low Blood pressure

A
  • Blood loss haemorrage
  • Dehydration
  • Diarrhoea
  • Heavy burns loosing body fluids
24
Q

Decrease Cardiac output

Structural dysfunctions

Low Blood pressure

A
  • Valve disease isn’t shutting properly or is kept open
  • Ischemia - low nutrient supply tissue tire easier
25
Q

Decreased Heart rate

Arrythmias

Low Blood pressure

A
  • Sinus bradycardia
  • AV nde block
  • Ventricular fibrillation - involentary not coordinated by cardiac myocytes
26
Q

Hypotension

Systematic vasodialation

Low Blood pressure

A
  • Sepsis
  • Autonomic dysfunction
  • Neurogenic diseases - lack of development of vasodialation decreased periphral restriction
27
Q

Peripheral resistance

Obstruction

Low Blood pressure

A
  • Pulmonary embolism - reduce pulmonary supply causes obstruction and reduced blood flow
28
Q

Hypertension

Sodium homeostasis

High Blood pressure

A
  • Renal disease
  • Nephropathy - aging population looses nefron so renal recognition of signal from the heart
  • Reduced nephron number
  • GFR
  • Poor venous return and poor cardiac output
29
Q

Increase cardiac output

Hormonal imbalence

High blood pressure

A
  • Renin - too much means that there would be large increase
  • Angiotensin II
  • Aldosterone
  • Erythropoietin
  • Adrenaline/Noradrenaline
30
Q

Increase in hypertension

Systematic vasoconstriction

A
  • Stress
  • Autonomic dysfunction
31
Q

Increase in hypertension

Structural dysfuntion

A
  • Obesity - poorly regulated lipid and carbohydrate metabolism high adiposity
  • Endothelial dysfunction - altered cell membrane cause artery and venous issue
  • Venous constriction

PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient (64 decks)

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