Innate Immune System and Adaptive Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
Inate immune system
A
- Same resonse to ant pathogen or foreign body
- Rapid and non-specific
- Physical and chemical barriers
- inflammatory response which enhances the adaptive immune response
2
Q
Adaptive immumity
A
- Immunity improves each time due to specificity and memory cells
- Ability to recognise that specific pathogen and resopond in a specific virus or bacteria
3
Q
Immunity of a person
A
- Pathogen is destroyed before symptoms are shown
4
Q
Physical barriers
Skin
A
- Primary barrier which is epidermally keratinized dry so flake off
- Sweat secreation lowers the pH reduces microbes colonisation of the skin
5
Q
Physical barrier
Mouth
A
- Lysozomes digest the cell walls so bacteria is perliforated
6
Q
Stomach
A
- Decrease in pH so bacteria is unable to survive
7
Q
Mucosal
A
- Cilliated sweeping and trapping bacteria
8
Q
Urine as a barrier
A
- Washing out the bateriain the urinary tract
9
Q
Chemical mediators
Complement pathways
A
- > 20 protiens in plasma which is normally inactive
- Each complement protien activates the next in the cascade
- Bind to the cell membrane of the pathogen lablling it for phagocytosis
10
Q
Optimisation
A
Bind to the cell membrane of the pathogen lablling it for phagocytosis
11
Q
Cytokines
A
- Small signalling molecules released forom cells to trigger immune response
- Interferons, Interleukins and chemokins
12
Q
Interferons
A
= Inducde cells to produce viral nucleic acids and protiens
13
Q
Histamines
A
- Granulacytes in white blood cells
- Vasodialation increase permiability
- Stimmulate phagocytosis
14
Q
Leucocytes
A
- Produced in the red bone marror and migrate to to the pathogen as they secreate chemicals wich attract them
15
Q
Phagocytic cells
A
- Neutrophils are normally first which releases a signal that increases inflammatory response
- recruits and activates other immune cells
- Pus are dead neutraphils
16
Q
Macrophages
A
- Larger later stages of an infection
- Cleaning up dead neutrophils and other cellular debris
17
Q
Basophils
A
- Mobile cells that are inflammatory cells
18
Q
Mast cells
A
- Non mobile cells in connective tissue
19
Q
Eosinophils
A
- The allergic response
20
Q
Natural killer cells
A
- Recognize classes of cells, eg tumour cells / virus-infected cells
- Kill their target cells by releasing chemicals that damage cell membranes causing the cells to lyse
21
Q
Inflammatory response
A
- Mast cells detect injury and release histamines which initiate vasodialation which increases the blood flow
- Histamines increase blood flow to the wound sites bring phagocytes and other immune cells to neutralise the pathogen.
- The influx in blood causes the wound to swell as there is leakage of tissue fluid redden and become warm and painful
22
Q
Inflammatory response
Increased vascular permeability
A
- leakage of fluid into tissues causing swelling
- Aloows complement tissue to enter which enhances inflammatory response so more phagocytes are attracted
23
Q
Recurutment of phagocytes
A
- Leave blood and enters tissue
- Initally neutophils folowed by macrophages
- Cell cycle continues until pathogen is destroyed
- Phagocytes remove microoganism and dead tissue where damaged tissue is repaired
24
Q
Symptoms
Infammatory response
A
- Locally has redness heat swelling and pain
- More widepread and more neutophils are present
- Severe cases could cause sepsis with decreased blood volume can cause shock and death
- Increased temperature so phagocytosis and decreased microbial growth
- Helps transport of antigens to lymph nodes
25
Q
Adaptive immune response
A
- Substances that stimulate adaptive immune response to foriegn bodies
- Antibody mediated by protien generated plama cells which differentiate to B cells
- Cell mediated T cells, T helper cells and cytrotoxic T cells
26
Q
Where do B cells originate?
A
Maturation of B cells occour in bone marrow
27
Q
Where do T cells originate?
A
- T cells mature in the thymus
28
Q
Cloning of B and T cells
A
- Small number of B and T cells are cloned from a single B cells or T cell sthat have identical receptors
- Clones against self antigents are usually deleated
29
Q
Adaptive immune response
A
- Antigen is recognised by lymphocytes and they bind together activating the lymphocyte
- Initiates the perliforation of lymphocytes recognising that antigen
- The antigens may be may be part of larger molecules or bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules on the cell surface
30
Q
Recognition of MHC molecules
A
- Antigens are presented by the MHC receptor
- The combined MHC and and antigen can bind to the antigen receptor on B and T cell
- Causes Co-stimulation to occur and activates Cytokines and Surface proteins and T lymphocytes
31
Q
MHC class I
A
All other cells that have a nuclei appart from macrophages, dendric cells and lympocytes
32
Q
MHC class II
A
- Antigen presenting cell of macrophages, dendric cells and lymphocytes
