Innate Immune System and Adaptive Immune System

Question 1

Inate immune system

Answer 1

• Same resonse to ant pathogen or foreign body
• Rapid and non-specific
• Physical and chemical barriers
• inflammatory response which enhances the adaptive immune response

Question 2

Adaptive immumity

Answer 2

• Immunity improves each time due to specificity and memory cells
• Ability to recognise that specific pathogen and resopond in a specific virus or bacteria

Question 3

Immunity of a person

Answer 3

• Pathogen is destroyed before symptoms are shown

Question 4

Physical barriers

Skin

Answer 4

• Primary barrier which is epidermally keratinized dry so flake off
• Sweat secreation lowers the pH reduces microbes colonisation of the skin

Question 5

Physical barrier

Mouth

Answer 5

• Lysozomes digest the cell walls so bacteria is perliforated

Question 6

Stomach

Answer 6

• Decrease in pH so bacteria is unable to survive

Question 7

Mucosal

Answer 7

• Cilliated sweeping and trapping bacteria

Question 8

Urine as a barrier

Answer 8

• Washing out the bateriain the urinary tract

Question 9

Chemical mediators

Complement pathways

Answer 9

• > 20 protiens in plasma which is normally inactive
• Each complement protien activates the next in the cascade
• Bind to the cell membrane of the pathogen lablling it for phagocytosis

Question 10

Optimisation

Answer 10

Bind to the cell membrane of the pathogen lablling it for phagocytosis

Question 11

Cytokines

Answer 11

• Small signalling molecules released forom cells to trigger immune response
• Interferons, Interleukins and chemokins

Question 12

Interferons

Answer 12

= Inducde cells to produce viral nucleic acids and protiens

Question 13

Histamines

Answer 13

• Granulacytes in white blood cells
• Vasodialation increase permiability
• Stimmulate phagocytosis

Question 14

Leucocytes

Answer 14

• Produced in the red bone marror and migrate to to the pathogen as they secreate chemicals wich attract them

Question 15

Phagocytic cells

Answer 15

• Neutrophils are normally first which releases a signal that increases inflammatory response
• recruits and activates other immune cells
• Pus are dead neutraphils

Question 16

Macrophages

Answer 16

• Larger later stages of an infection
• Cleaning up dead neutrophils and other cellular debris

Question 17

Basophils

Answer 17

• Mobile cells that are inflammatory cells

Question 18

Mast cells

Answer 18

• Non mobile cells in connective tissue

Question 19

Eosinophils

Answer 19

• The allergic response

Question 20

Natural killer cells

Answer 20

• Recognize classes of cells, eg tumour cells / virus-infected cells
• Kill their target cells by releasing chemicals that damage cell membranes causing the cells to lyse

Question 21

Inflammatory response

Answer 21

• Mast cells detect injury and release histamines which initiate vasodialation which increases the blood flow
• Histamines increase blood flow to the wound sites bring phagocytes and other immune cells to neutralise the pathogen.
• The influx in blood causes the wound to swell as there is leakage of tissue fluid redden and become warm and painful

Question 22

Inflammatory response

Increased vascular permeability

Answer 22

• leakage of fluid into tissues causing swelling
• Aloows complement tissue to enter which enhances inflammatory response so more phagocytes are attracted

Question 23

Recurutment of phagocytes

Answer 23

• Leave blood and enters tissue
• Initally neutophils folowed by macrophages
• Cell cycle continues until pathogen is destroyed
• Phagocytes remove microoganism and dead tissue where damaged tissue is repaired

Question 24

Symptoms

Infammatory response

Answer 24

• Locally has redness heat swelling and pain
• More widepread and more neutophils are present
• Severe cases could cause sepsis with decreased blood volume can cause shock and death
• Increased temperature so phagocytosis and decreased microbial growth
• Helps transport of antigens to lymph nodes

Question 25

Adaptive immune response

Answer 25

• Substances that stimulate adaptive immune response to foriegn bodies
• Antibody mediated by protien generated plama cells which differentiate to B cells
• Cell mediated T cells, T helper cells and cytrotoxic T cells

Question 26

Where do B cells originate?

Answer 26

Maturation of B cells occour in bone marrow

Question 27

Where do T cells originate?

Answer 27

• T cells mature in the thymus

Question 28

Cloning of B and T cells

Answer 28

• Small number of B and T cells are cloned from a single B cells or T cell sthat have identical receptors
• Clones against self antigents are usually deleated

Question 29

Adaptive immune response

Answer 29

• Antigen is recognised by lymphocytes and they bind together activating the lymphocyte
• Initiates the perliforation of lymphocytes recognising that antigen
• The antigens may be may be part of larger molecules or bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules on the cell surface

Question 30

Recognition of MHC molecules

Answer 30

• Antigens are presented by the MHC receptor
• The combined MHC and and antigen can bind to the antigen receptor on B and T cell
• Causes Co-stimulation to occur and activates Cytokines and Surface proteins and T lymphocytes

Question 31

MHC class I

Answer 31

All other cells that have a nuclei appart from macrophages, dendric cells and lympocytes

Question 32

MHC class II

Answer 32

• Antigen presenting cell of macrophages, dendric cells and lymphocytes