Micro-nutrient Flashcards
Macro-nutrient
Principal component of the body
Role of water
- Needed for cellular reactions
- Solvent to move nutrients and waste
- Maintain body temperature
- Moisten tissue
- Protect spinal cord and sensitive tissue
- Disposed of through urination
Water balance
- Balance betwen intake and output based on drinks food and metabolism
Water output
- Minimum obligatory excreation 500ml
- mostly by kindeys
- Illness loss via vomit and diarrhoea
Dehydration
- Reduced water intake causes thirst stimulates water intake to restore balance
types of dehydration and symptoms
- Dry skin of mouth tiredness and lack of concentration
- Sever cases seizure kidney failure and death
Overhydration
- Effects electrolyte concentration causes imbalance and urine production increases
- Intoxication as low levels of sodium in blood
Minerals
- Essential micronutrient but no energy is provided
Role of minerals
- Electrolytes which regulate food imbalance, blood pH and muscle function
Major minerals
greater than 100mg required per day of sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium
Trace minerals
<100 required per day such as iron copper zinc and flouride
Role of vitamins
- Essential for metabolic processes
- Assits enzymes as coenzymes
- Acts as indavidual units
Water soluble vitamins
- Excreated via kidneys as urine
- Increased risk of deficiency
- Decreased risk of toxicity
- Vitamin B and C
Lipid soluable
- Excessed stored in the body in the liver
- Decreased risk of deficiency
- Increased risk of toxicity
- Vitamin A, D, E and K
Vitamin B group
- Coenzymes to assist enzymes do not produce fuel
- Overlapping function
- Some synthesised by bacteria of intestinal flora
Vitamin B1 thiamine
- Part of coenzyme TTP which activates enzymes involved in carb catabolism and neuronal action potential
- From grains pork and veg
What happens if you have a vitamin B1 deficency
- Malnourished
- Alcohol impaires thiamine absorbtion
- Preg or atheleates have high carb catabolism
Dry beriberi and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
- Prolonged thiamine deficiency effects nervous system causing paralysis
- Jerky eye movements and memory loss
Wet beriberi
- Thiamine deficiency effecting cardiovascular system
Vitamin B2 - riboflavin
- Part of coenzyme FMN and FAD
- FAD assists enzymes involved in energy metabolism electron carrier in krebs
Sources of vitamin B2
- Eggs green veg and almonds
Vitamin B2 deficiency
- Inflammation of lips, mouth and GI tract and is common in developing countries
Vitamin B3 - Niacin
- Part of coenzyme NAD and NADP
- Act as coenzymes of enzymes involved in oxiredorectuctase
- NAD is the electron carrier in glycolysis
Sources of vitamin B3
- Meat and poultry fish and nuts
Vitamin B3 deficiency
- Body makes from tryptophan after protien synthesis needs are met
- Usually diet based on maize and chronic alcoholics
Pellagra
- Dermititis
- Diarrhoea
- Dementia
Vitmin B3 toxicity
- Large dose causes skin flushes and liver damage
Vitamin B5
- Part of coenzyme A which is crutial for metabolic pathways
- Enzymes convert pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A
- Fatty acid activation with beta oxidation cycle
3 forms Vitamin B6 and roles
- Converted to coenzyme PLP
- In tryptophan metabolism
- Helps with synthesis of neurotransmitters heam, nucleic acids and urea metabolism
Sources of vitamin B6
- Meat
- Fish
- Poultry
- Starchy veg
Causes of B6 deficency
- Alcohol contributes to destruction of vitamin B6
- Neurological aneamia
Vitamin B7 Biotin role
- Is a coenzyme itself and it is critical to assist krebs cycle
Sources of vitamin B7
- Lots of food and produced by bacteria in the GI tract
Deficiencies
- Risk when eating large amounts of eggs reduce biotin absorption
Vitamin B9 folic acid role
- Converted to coenzyme THF of enzymes
- Biosynthesis of nitrogenous base amino acids and embryonic development and spinal cord development
Sorces of folic acid
- Dark green leafy veg, fruit and nuts
Deficiency in B9
- Pregnant women and those with the risk of cancer
- Support with baby growth and development and anti-cancer drugs
- Causes low weight baby
Vitamin B12 Cobalamin role
- 2 active coenzymes of enzymes production of THF coenzyme
- Regulation of cell replication and nerve activity
Sources of vitamin B12
- Food of animal orign
- Meat, fish and shellfish
Deficiency
- Megaloblastic anaemia
- Gastrointestinal
- Neurological symptoms
Vitamin C roles
- Coenzyme involeved in the synthesis of collagen such as carnitine and steroids
Source of vitamin C
- Citrus fruits such as tomatos, potatoes and other veg
Deficency of vitamin C
- Swollen gums bruising and haemorrhage, bone fracture and loosing
Lipid soluable
Vitamin A
- Three forms stored in the liver
- Promotes vision
- Participating in protien synthesis
- Support reproduction and growth
Source of A - Retinol
- Milk fish and liver
- Spinach carrots
Vitamin A deficiency
- Night blindness due to corneal damage
- Keritinisation dry skin
- Toxic side effect - skin loss, liver and bone abnormalities
Vitamin D - Calciferol
- D2 and D3 sunlight and UVB induces vitamin D3 production
- Regulates calcium in the blood
- Regulates keratinocytes to turnover in skin
How is vitamin D synthesised
- Uncovered skin sunlight
- Milk, liver and fatty fish
Deficiency in vitamin D causes
- Rickets - distortion and long bones osteomalacia - softness in long bones osteoporesis
Vitamin E - Calciferol
- Tocopherols - free radical species antioxidants
- Smooth muscle growth and maintainance of nerves
Vitamin E deficiency
- Malabsorbtion of fat rather than lack of intake
- Nerve damage and anemia
Vitamin K
- Acts as a coenzyme to assist the formation of coaggulation factors
- Metabolism of bone
Deficiency of vitamin K
- Liver damage in newborns with sterile intestines
- Anaemia, bruising and bleeding
