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PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient > Micro-nutrient > Flashcards

Micro-nutrient Flashcards

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1
Q

Macro-nutrient

A

Principal component of the body

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2
Q

Role of water

A
  • Needed for cellular reactions
  • Solvent to move nutrients and waste
  • Maintain body temperature
  • Moisten tissue
  • Protect spinal cord and sensitive tissue
  • Disposed of through urination
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3
Q

Water balance

A
  • Balance betwen intake and output based on drinks food and metabolism
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4
Q

Water output

A
  • Minimum obligatory excreation 500ml
  • mostly by kindeys
  • Illness loss via vomit and diarrhoea
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5
Q

Dehydration

A
  • Reduced water intake causes thirst stimulates water intake to restore balance
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6
Q

types of dehydration and symptoms

A
  • Dry skin of mouth tiredness and lack of concentration
  • Sever cases seizure kidney failure and death
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7
Q

Overhydration

A
  • Effects electrolyte concentration causes imbalance and urine production increases
  • Intoxication as low levels of sodium in blood
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8
Q

Minerals

A
  • Essential micronutrient but no energy is provided
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9
Q

Role of minerals

A
  • Electrolytes which regulate food imbalance, blood pH and muscle function
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10
Q

Major minerals

A

greater than 100mg required per day of sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium

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11
Q

Trace minerals

A

<100 required per day such as iron copper zinc and flouride

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12
Q

Role of vitamins

A
  • Essential for metabolic processes
  • Assits enzymes as coenzymes
  • Acts as indavidual units
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13
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A
  • Excreated via kidneys as urine
  • Increased risk of deficiency
  • Decreased risk of toxicity
  • Vitamin B and C
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14
Q

Lipid soluable

A
  • Excessed stored in the body in the liver
  • Decreased risk of deficiency
  • Increased risk of toxicity
  • Vitamin A, D, E and K
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15
Q

Vitamin B group

A
  • Coenzymes to assist enzymes do not produce fuel
  • Overlapping function
  • Some synthesised by bacteria of intestinal flora
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16
Q

Vitamin B1 thiamine

A
  • Part of coenzyme TTP which activates enzymes involved in carb catabolism and neuronal action potential
  • From grains pork and veg
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17
Q

What happens if you have a vitamin B1 deficency

A
  • Malnourished
  • Alcohol impaires thiamine absorbtion
  • Preg or atheleates have high carb catabolism
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18
Q

Dry beriberi and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome

A
  • Prolonged thiamine deficiency effects nervous system causing paralysis
  • Jerky eye movements and memory loss
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19
Q

Wet beriberi

A
  • Thiamine deficiency effecting cardiovascular system
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20
Q

Vitamin B2 - riboflavin

A
  • Part of coenzyme FMN and FAD
  • FAD assists enzymes involved in energy metabolism electron carrier in krebs
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21
Q

Sources of vitamin B2

A
  • Eggs green veg and almonds
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22
Q

Vitamin B2 deficiency

A
  • Inflammation of lips, mouth and GI tract and is common in developing countries
23
Q

Vitamin B3 - Niacin

A
  • Part of coenzyme NAD and NADP
  • Act as coenzymes of enzymes involved in oxiredorectuctase
  • NAD is the electron carrier in glycolysis
24
Q

Sources of vitamin B3

A
  • Meat and poultry fish and nuts
25
Q

Vitamin B3 deficiency

A
  • Body makes from tryptophan after protien synthesis needs are met
  • Usually diet based on maize and chronic alcoholics
26
Q

Pellagra

A
  • Dermititis
  • Diarrhoea
  • Dementia
27
Q

Vitmin B3 toxicity

A
  • Large dose causes skin flushes and liver damage
28
Q

Vitamin B5

A
  • Part of coenzyme A which is crutial for metabolic pathways
  • Enzymes convert pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A
  • Fatty acid activation with beta oxidation cycle
29
Q

3 forms Vitamin B6 and roles

A
  • Converted to coenzyme PLP
  • In tryptophan metabolism
  • Helps with synthesis of neurotransmitters heam, nucleic acids and urea metabolism
30
Q

Sources of vitamin B6

A
  • Meat
  • Fish
  • Poultry
  • Starchy veg
31
Q

Causes of B6 deficency

A
  • Alcohol contributes to destruction of vitamin B6
  • Neurological aneamia
32
Q

Vitamin B7 Biotin role

A
  • Is a coenzyme itself and it is critical to assist krebs cycle
33
Q

Sources of vitamin B7

A
  • Lots of food and produced by bacteria in the GI tract
34
Q

Deficiencies

A
  • Risk when eating large amounts of eggs reduce biotin absorption
35
Q

Vitamin B9 folic acid role

A
  • Converted to coenzyme THF of enzymes
  • Biosynthesis of nitrogenous base amino acids and embryonic development and spinal cord development
36
Q

Sorces of folic acid

A
  • Dark green leafy veg, fruit and nuts
37
Q

Deficiency in B9

A
  • Pregnant women and those with the risk of cancer
  • Support with baby growth and development and anti-cancer drugs
  • Causes low weight baby
38
Q

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin role

A
  • 2 active coenzymes of enzymes production of THF coenzyme
  • Regulation of cell replication and nerve activity
39
Q

Sources of vitamin B12

A
  • Food of animal orign
  • Meat, fish and shellfish
40
Q

Deficiency

A
  • Megaloblastic anaemia
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Neurological symptoms
41
Q

Vitamin C roles

A
  • Coenzyme involeved in the synthesis of collagen such as carnitine and steroids
42
Q

Source of vitamin C

A
  • Citrus fruits such as tomatos, potatoes and other veg
43
Q

Deficency of vitamin C

A
  • Swollen gums bruising and haemorrhage, bone fracture and loosing
44
Q

Lipid soluable

Vitamin A

A
  • Three forms stored in the liver
  • Promotes vision
  • Participating in protien synthesis
  • Support reproduction and growth
45
Q

Source of A - Retinol

A
  • Milk fish and liver
  • Spinach carrots
46
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A
  • Night blindness due to corneal damage
  • Keritinisation dry skin
  • Toxic side effect - skin loss, liver and bone abnormalities
47
Q

Vitamin D - Calciferol

A
  • D2 and D3 sunlight and UVB induces vitamin D3 production
  • Regulates calcium in the blood
  • Regulates keratinocytes to turnover in skin
48
Q

How is vitamin D synthesised

A
  • Uncovered skin sunlight
  • Milk, liver and fatty fish
49
Q

Deficiency in vitamin D causes

A
  • Rickets - distortion and long bones osteomalacia - softness in long bones osteoporesis
50
Q

Vitamin E - Calciferol

A
  • Tocopherols - free radical species antioxidants
  • Smooth muscle growth and maintainance of nerves
51
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A
  • Malabsorbtion of fat rather than lack of intake
  • Nerve damage and anemia
52
Q

Vitamin K

A
  • Acts as a coenzyme to assist the formation of coaggulation factors
  • Metabolism of bone
53
Q

Deficiency of vitamin K

A
  • Liver damage in newborns with sterile intestines
  • Anaemia, bruising and bleeding

PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient (64 decks)

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