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PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Microorganisms

A

organisms that are too small to be
seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

Major groups of microbes

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
  • Microalgea
  • Viruses
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3
Q

Size comparison of microoganisms

A

Molds > Protozoa > Yeasts > Bacteria > Viruses > Prions

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4
Q

Microoganism cellular

A
  • Bacteria is monocellular
  • molds are pluicellular
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5
Q

Acellular

A
  • Without a cellular
    structure
  • Virus and prions
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6
Q

3 domains

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
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7
Q

Bacteria

A
  • E-coli
  • Prokaryotes mostly unicellular
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8
Q

Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Yeasts
  • Moulds
    Saccaromyces
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9
Q

Parasites

A
  • Eukaryote
  • Protozoa - Unicellular
  • Helminths - multicellular
  • Paramecium
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10
Q

Microalgae

A

Mostly eukaryotic
* Both unicellular and
pluricellular

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11
Q

Microorganisms as non-cellular entities

A
  • Microorganisms include nonliving agents
  • Not made up of cells
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12
Q

Virus

A
  • Acellular small infectious particles consists of a nucleic acid
  • coat enclosed in lipid
  • don’t divide
  • invade the cell and replicate
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13
Q

Prions

A

Simpler infectious particles made up only protiens no genetic material protien that changes chape

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14
Q

Microbes

A
  • Organic waste
  • Produce food
  • Drugs synthesis
  • Digestion and molecule generation
  • Oxygen generation
  • Nitrogen fixation
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15
Q

Normal microbiota

A
  • Constant contact with body in mucus membrane
  • Prevent growth of pathogens
  • produce growth factors
  • boost immune system
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16
Q

Bacteria shape

A
  • Round (coccus)
  • Rod (Bacillius)
  • Curve rod (Vibrio)
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17
Q

Arranged as pairs

A
  • Diplobacilli
  • 2 joined together
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18
Q

Bionomial nomenclature

A
  • both italic
  • genus capitslise
  • genus can be abbreviated
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19
Q

Structure of bacteria and archea

A
  • Without nucleus
  • Without membrane bound organelle
  • Simple organisation
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20
Q

Struture

Plasma membrane

A
  • Fluid mosaic model
  • 2 layer of amphiphatic phospholipid layers
  • Lack sterols with sterol like molecules (hopanoids)
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21
Q

Function

Plasma membrane

A
  • Selective permiable membrane controls movement
  • Infolding mesosmes site of DNA replication and cellular respiration
21
Q

Function

Plasma membrane

A
  • Selective permiable membrane controls movement
  • Infolding mesosmes site of DNA replication and cellular respiration
22
Q

Cell wall funtion

A
  • Maintains bacterial cell integrity and shape
  • Prevent cell from bursting water flows in by osmosis
  • Contribute to pathogenicity
23
Q

what does antibiotics target Bacteria

A
  • Few bacteria have cell walls target many antibiotics
24
Q

Peptioglycan

A

component for bacteria cell wall
- Ridgid multi-layer
- Each cahin has repeat identical disaccaride
- N- aceytlglucosamine and acetylmuramic acid
- tetrapeptide chain of 4/5 amino acids
- Chains are linked by peptide cross bridges

25
Q

Peptidoglycan formation

A
  • Subunit of NAG and NAM repetition by tetra peptide
  • 2 diffrent chains are joined together use bridge of D-alanine
26
Q

Penicillin

β-lactam antibiotics

A
  • Inhibit the peptidoglycan synthesis of the bacterial cell wall
  • Interfering with the formation of peptide bridges
    between peptidoglycan chains
27
Q

Gram +ve

A
  • thick structure (several layers) of
    peptidoglycan, separated from the plasma
    membrane by a thin periplasmic space
  • contains teichoic acids, made up of an
    alcohol and a phosphate group
28
Q

Pupose of gram +ve

A
  • Bind to and regulate movement of cations into cell
  • Regulate cell growth and prevent cell lysis
  • Linked also to the cell membrane
29
Q

Gram -ve

A
  • Thin fewer layers and are more susceptible to mechanical breakage
30
Q

Funtion of gram -ve

A
  • Thin peptidoglycan layer
  • periplasmic space, containing degradative
    enzymes and lipoproteins
  • Outer membrane (the most external)
31
Q

Outer membrane in gram bacteria

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Lipopolysaccharides acts as antigen and endotoxin
  • porins - membrane pores that allow passage of molecule
  • Lipoprotien
32
Q

Funtion of outer membrane

A
  • Evade phagocytosis and immune system
  • Permeability barrier to antibiotics
    (penicillin), digestive enzymes, etc
33
Q

Main difference

Gram-positive

A
  • Thick peptidoglycan
  • Teichoic acids
34
Q

Gram-staining

A
  • Distinguished groups of bacteria according to cell wall structure
  • Staining - better visual observation to highlight differences
35
Q

Gram positive

A

Fixation - white
Primary staining - crystal violet turn blue
Mordant application iodine treatment turns violet
decolourisation - keeps it looking violet
counterstaining with safarnin keeps violet

36
Q

Gram negative

A

Fixation - white in colour
Primary violet staining
Mordant iodine treatment turns violet
decolourisation - keeps violet
Counterstaining counter stain with safrafnin - turns pink

37
Q

Positive

Gram staining

A
  • Cells are stained blue due to the crystal
    violet-iodine complex
  • Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan (thick layer)
    forming crystals inside and the dye is retained
38
Q

Negative gram staining

A
  • Cells stain pink as the counterstain
  • Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
  • crystal violet-iodine complex washes out; cells are colorless
  • Safranin (pink) added to stain cells
39
Q

Components external to cell wall

A

network of polysaccharides, lying outside the cell wall
- Has capsule thick and well organised
- Slime layer thin and unorganised

40
Q

Components external to cell wall in bacteria

A
  • Confer pathogenicity (only capsule)
  • Prevent phagocytosis by host phagocytes
  • Avoid desiccation by preventing water loss
  • Aid in attachment to solid surfaces
41
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Location of most biochemical activities
42
Q

Nucleoid

A

Central region containing circular DNA

43
Q

Plasmids

A
  • Small, nonessential, circular DNA that repliate independantly
44
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Bacterial ribosomes are termed 70S ribosomes (50S + 30S), which
  • Distinguish them from the 80S of eukaryotic cells. Selective antibiotic target
45
Q

Inclusion bodies

A
  • granules as reserve deposits of nutrients in the form of high
  • molecular weight polymers. E.g. glycogen, polymeric phosphates
46
Q

Flagella

A
  • Hairlike filamentous appendages external to the cell
  • Propel bacteria (process requiring ATP) toward or
    away from stimuli, detected by chemoreceptors
  • May also be a sensory organelle
47
Q

Structure

Flagella

A
  • Filament: outermost region
  • Hook: attaches to the filament
  • Basal body: consists of rod and
    pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to
    the cell wall and membrane
48
Q

Fimbriae

A
  • Thin hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
  • Some types are involved in a twitching motility
49
Q

Sex pilli

A
  • Hair-like tubular structure
  • Conjugation pili involved in DNA transfer from
    one cell to another

PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient (64 decks)

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