The Lymphatic and Immune System

Question 1

Immunity

Answer 1

• Ability to resist damage from pathogens and toxins from internal threats

Question 2

Immune system

Answer 2

• Lymphoid tissue
• Immune cells
• Chemical that coodinates and carries immune functions
• Recognises cells that are abnormal and removes them

Question 3

Functions of the immune system

Answer 3

• Recognize and remove abnormal “self ” cells
• Removes dead or damaged cells
• Protects the body from disease-causing invaders

Question 4

Nonspecific Innate Immunity

Answer 4

• Recognition same response when an antigen is present

Question 5

Specific Acquired Immunity

Answer 5

• Memory cells diffrent response adapted to the antigen

Question 6

Lymphatic System

Answer 6

• System of vessels that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood
• drain body fluids and return them to the bloodstream

Question 7

Lymph

Answer 7

• Interstitial fluid (fluid that fills spaces between cells) once it has entered the lymphatic system

Question 8

Function of lymph system

Answer 8

• Fluid Balance
• Lipid Absorption
• Defence against pathogens
• Pathogen
• Substance or microorganism that causes disease or damage to the tissues of the body
• use humans as a source of nutrients and as an environment to survive in

Question 9

Lymph nodes

Answer 9

• Located along lymphatic vessel groups in the cervical (neck), axillary (armpit), and inguinal (groin) areas

Question 10

How the lymph carries fluid

Answer 10

• Vessels begin as closed-ended capillaries
• Feed into larger lymphatic vessels
• Empty into the bloodstream by ducts
• Lymph travels through the lymph nodes
• Doesn’t circulate ie not pumped by heart
• Forced through the vessels by contraction of skeletal muscles one way semi-luner valve

Question 11

Capillaries

Answer 11

• Where fluid enters the lymphatic
  system
• In virtually all tissues
• between arterioles and venules
• Thinner walls than veins
• Overlapping epithelial ‘flaps’
• fluid moves into capillaries only

Question 12

Lymphatic System - small intestine

Answer 12

• Lymphatic capillaries called lacteals
• Lipids and some lipid soluble proteins and vitamins form milky fluid (Chyle)
• Enter lacteals
• Enter blood stream

Question 13

Lymphatics Circulation

Answer 13

• The capillaries join together to form vessels then trunks then 2 ducts
• Right lyphatic duct drains into the right subclavian vein
• Thoratic duct drains into the left ubclavian vein remaining portions of the body

Question 14

Tonsils

Answer 14

• Palatine tonsils like first line of defence
• Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids when enlarged)
• Lingual tonsil
• Protective ring of lymphatic tissue around the nasal and oral cavities and the pharynx
• Pathogens

Question 15

Lymph nodes

Answer 15

• Distributed along the lymphatic vessels
• Can be superficial or deep

Question 16

Superficial aggregations

Answer 16

• Inguinal nodes in the groin
• The axillary nodes in the axilla (armpit)
• The cervical nodes in the neck

Question 17

Dense capsule with extensions

Lymphatic tissue

Answer 17

Lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules

Question 18

Dense capsule with extensions

Lymphatic sinuses

Answer 18

Macrophages

Question 19

Lymph flows through nodes

Answer 19

• Activates – stimulating lymphocytes to divide
• Nodules - germinal centres
• Remove pathogens - macrophages

Question 20

Spleen

Filters blood

Answer 20

Respond to foreign substances, destroy old RBC

Question 21

Spleen

White pulp

Answer 21

• Lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries
• Lymphocytes can be stimulated to divide

Question 22

Spleen

Red pulp

Answer 22

• Surrounding veins
• Macrophages and red blood cells
• Macrophages remove foreign substances and worn-out red blood cells through phagocytosis

Question 23

Thymus

Answer 23

• 2 lobed gland
• Divided into lobules
• Cortex (dark)
• Many lymphocytes
• Medulla (light)
• Fewer lymphocytes
• Maturing T-cells
• Mature T-cells migrate to medulla, enter blood and travel to other lymphatic tissue

Question 23

Thymus

Answer 23

• 2 lobed gland
• Divided into lobules
• Cortex (dark)
• Many lymphocytes
• Medulla (light)
• Fewer lymphocytes
• Maturing T-cells
• Mature T-cells migrate to medulla, enter blood and travel to other lymphatic tissue

Question 24

Cells of the Immune System

Leukocytes

Answer 24

• White blood cells for immune response
• Circulate in the blood but leave and function extra vascular
• Formed in the bone marrow and released into the circulation

Answer 25

• Eosinophils
• Basophils (blood); related mast cells (tissues)
• Neutrophilslymphocytes and plasma cells
• Monocytes and macrophages
• lymphocytes and plasma cells
• Dendritic cells