Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Circulating Gas, Nutrients and Wastes
Blood function
Transportation
- O2, CO2 and other gases movement (dissolved/bound to cells)
- Nutrients
- Electrolytes - for sympathetic and para sympathetic
- Metabolic waste- urea
- Hormones, Cytokines
Blood funtion
Protection
- Immune response (Antibodies, complement proteins, WBC)
- Blood loss-Clotting (platelets)
Blood function
Regulation
- Body temp
- pH
- Circulatory body fluid
- Volume/concentration (osmosis)
Blood characteristics
- A liquid connective Tissue (only fluid tissue in the Human Body)
- A sticky viscous opaque fluid
Scarlet Red: High Oxygen (in Artery)
Dark Red: Low Oxygen (in vein)
Components of blood
- 55% Plasma
- 1% Buffy coat
- 44% solid - RBC Erythrocytes
Blood plasma
- 10% soluable components rest water
- Plasma proteins- Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
- Nutrients- Glucose, Amino acids, Cholesterol
- Gases- O2, CO2, traces (little bit <1%)
- Electrolytes- Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides & others
- Metabolic wastes- Urea
Straw coloured sticky fluid
Haematopoietic stem cells
- Commited cells that are gametes for stem cells so they reproduces stem cells in bone marrow
Haematopoiesis (Stem cells)
- Formation of RBC, WBC and Platelets
- Hormonal/Growth factors determine the type of cells
- Produced cells enter through blood sinusoids
Thrombopoiesis
- Production of platelets
- Megakaryoblast => Megakaryocyte => Platelets
Erythropoiesis
- Production of red blood cell
- Proerethyoplast => Reticulocytes => Erythrocyte
Leucopoiesis
- Production of white blood cells/leucocytes
Buffy coats
Granulocytes
Obvious granules (light microscope)
Buffy coats
Agranulocytes
No obvious granules (light microscope)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Polymorphonuclear cells
- Major Abundant
- Larger cells
- 3-4 segments lobes of nucleus connected by chromatin strand
- Smaller granules
- Bacterial Infection - contains hydrocholic acid relase kills bacteria
Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Polymorphonuclear cells
- Acidophilic cells
- Larger granules
- 2 lobes of nucleus connected by thick chromatin strand
- With thick strand of chromatin
- Parasitic Infection
Granulocytes
Basophils
Polymorphonuclear cells
- Huge granules
- Horseshoe shaper nucleus
- 2 big lobes joined together
- Migrate into the tissue (Mast cells)
- Histamine- Proinflammatory
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
- Horse shoe lobed nucleus
- Migrate into tissue, Macrophages
- Phagocytosis- Bacteria
- Dendritic cells
Agranulocytes
Thrombocytes
- Fragments of Platelets
- Contains no nucleus - cannot reproduce
- Contains mitochondria
- Blood Clotting
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
big
- Big (equal to RBC)
- Natural Killer Cells
- Recognise virus infected cells & kill
- Not specifically targeted general killing of cell
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes: Plasma B
Small (nucleus fills most)
- Produce antibodies
- Viral Infection
- Hormonal immune response
T-Helper cells
- Regulatory cells give singnal to plasma B cells
T-suppressor
- Regulation stops the plasma cell prodution of excess antibody
T-Cytotoxic cells
- Cancer cells checking if it is malignant and removes it from the body
Leucopenia
- Deficiency of white blood cells
- Risk of infection
- Sepsis which could be leathal
Neutropenia
- Risk of bacterial infection due to low neurophils
Thrombocytopenia
- The risk of blood loss
- An autoimmune condition in children
Leucoytosis
- Sign of bacteria infection
Neutrophilia
Sign of bacterial infection
Eosinophilia
Sign of parasitic Infection by releasing histamines in response to allergic reactions
Lymphocytosis
Sign of viral Infection
Monocytosis
Sign of bacterial Infection in tissues by developing into macrophages when in tissue and present antigens to lymphocytes
Red blood cells
- No organelles anareobic ATP synthesis dont use O2
- Biconcave - no nucleus so more surface area
- 97% of RBC is heamoglobin
- Spectrin (protien) - plasma membrane which is flexible to reach capillaries
Heamoglobin
Heam
- Red pigment bound to Protein
- contains central Iron Each Fe2+ ion binds to one O2
Loading in the lungs
O2 + Hb= Bright Red (Oxygenated Blood):
Oxyhaemoglobin
- 98-100% saturated O2
Unloading at cells
O2 + Hb= Dark/Ruby Red (Deoxygenated Blood): Deoxyhaemoglobin
- 70-80% saturated O2
Albumin
Exerts osmotic pressure to maintain water balence
Alpha and beta globulins
- Transports protiens that bind to lipids, ions and fat soluable vitamins
Gamma globulins
- Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response
