Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What does the cardiovascular system do?

Answer 1

Circulating Gas, Nutrients and Wastes

Question 2

Blood function

Transportation

Answer 2

• O2, CO2 and other gases movement (dissolved/bound to cells)
• Nutrients
• Electrolytes - for sympathetic and para sympathetic
• Metabolic waste- urea
• Hormones, Cytokines

Question 3

Blood funtion

Protection

Answer 3

• Immune response (Antibodies, complement proteins, WBC)
• Blood loss-Clotting (platelets)

Question 4

Blood function

Regulation

Answer 4

• Body temp
• pH
• Circulatory body fluid
• Volume/concentration (osmosis)

Question 5

Blood characteristics

Answer 5

• A liquid connective Tissue (only fluid tissue in the Human Body)
• A sticky viscous opaque fluid
  Scarlet Red: High Oxygen (in Artery)
  Dark Red: Low Oxygen (in vein)

Question 6

Components of blood

Answer 6

• 55% Plasma
• 1% Buffy coat
• 44% solid - RBC Erythrocytes

Question 7

Blood plasma

Answer 7

• 10% soluable components rest water
• Plasma proteins- Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
• Nutrients- Glucose, Amino acids, Cholesterol
• Gases- O2, CO2, traces (little bit <1%)
• Electrolytes- Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides & others
• Metabolic wastes- Urea

Straw coloured sticky fluid

Question 8

Haematopoietic stem cells

Answer 8

• Commited cells that are gametes for stem cells so they reproduces stem cells in bone marrow

Question 9

Haematopoiesis (Stem cells)

Answer 9

• Formation of RBC, WBC and Platelets
• Hormonal/Growth factors determine the type of cells
• Produced cells enter through blood sinusoids

Question 10

Thrombopoiesis

Answer 10

• Production of platelets
• Megakaryoblast => Megakaryocyte => Platelets

Question 11

Erythropoiesis

Answer 11

• Production of red blood cell
• Proerethyoplast => Reticulocytes => Erythrocyte

Question 12

Leucopoiesis

Answer 12

• Production of white blood cells/leucocytes

Question 13

Buffy coats

Granulocytes

Answer 13

Obvious granules (light microscope)

Question 14

Buffy coats

Agranulocytes

Answer 14

No obvious granules (light microscope)

Question 15

Granulocytes

Neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear cells

Answer 15

• Major Abundant
• Larger cells
• 3-4 segments lobes of nucleus connected by chromatin strand
• Smaller granules
• Bacterial Infection - contains hydrocholic acid relase kills bacteria

Question 16

Granulocytes

Eosinophils

Polymorphonuclear cells

Answer 16

• Acidophilic cells
• Larger granules
• 2 lobes of nucleus connected by thick chromatin strand
• With thick strand of chromatin
• Parasitic Infection

Question 17

Granulocytes

Basophils

Polymorphonuclear cells

Answer 17

• Huge granules
• Horseshoe shaper nucleus
• 2 big lobes joined together
• Migrate into the tissue (Mast cells)
• Histamine- Proinflammatory

Question 18

Agranulocytes

Monocytes

Answer 18

• Horse shoe lobed nucleus
• Migrate into tissue, Macrophages
• Phagocytosis- Bacteria
• Dendritic cells

Question 19

Agranulocytes

Thrombocytes

Answer 19

• Fragments of Platelets
• Contains no nucleus - cannot reproduce
• Contains mitochondria
• Blood Clotting

Question 20

Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

big

Answer 20

• Big (equal to RBC)
• Natural Killer Cells
• Recognise virus infected cells & kill
• Not specifically targeted general killing of cell

Question 21

Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes: Plasma B

Small (nucleus fills most)

Answer 21

• Produce antibodies
• Viral Infection
• Hormonal immune response

Question 22

T-Helper cells

Answer 22

• Regulatory cells give singnal to plasma B cells

Question 23

T-suppressor

Answer 23

• Regulation stops the plasma cell prodution of excess antibody

Question 24

T-Cytotoxic cells

Answer 24

• Cancer cells checking if it is malignant and removes it from the body

Question 25

Leucopenia

Answer 25

• Deficiency of white blood cells
• Risk of infection
• Sepsis which could be leathal

Question 26

Neutropenia

Answer 26

• Risk of bacterial infection due to low neurophils

Question 27

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 27

• The risk of blood loss
• An autoimmune condition in children

Question 28

Leucoytosis

Answer 28

• Sign of bacteria infection

Question 29

Neutrophilia

Answer 29

Sign of bacterial infection

Question 30

Eosinophilia

Answer 30

Sign of parasitic Infection by releasing histamines in response to allergic reactions

Question 31

Lymphocytosis

Answer 31

Sign of viral Infection

Question 32

Monocytosis

Answer 32

Sign of bacterial Infection in tissues by developing into macrophages when in tissue and present antigens to lymphocytes

Question 33

Red blood cells

Answer 33

• No organelles anareobic ATP synthesis dont use O2
• Biconcave - no nucleus so more surface area
• 97% of RBC is heamoglobin
• Spectrin (protien) - plasma membrane which is flexible to reach capillaries

Question 34

Heamoglobin

Heam

Answer 34

• Red pigment bound to Protein
• contains central Iron Each Fe2+ ion binds to one O2

Question 35

Loading in the lungs

Answer 35

O2 + Hb= Bright Red (Oxygenated Blood):
Oxyhaemoglobin
- 98-100% saturated O2

Question 36

Unloading at cells

Answer 36

O2 + Hb= Dark/Ruby Red (Deoxygenated Blood): Deoxyhaemoglobin
- 70-80% saturated O2

Question 37

Albumin

Answer 37

Exerts osmotic pressure to maintain water balence

Question 38

Alpha and beta globulins

Answer 38

• Transports protiens that bind to lipids, ions and fat soluable vitamins

Question 39

Gamma globulins

Answer 39

• Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response