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PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does gastric secreation consist of?

A
  • Acids
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones and factors
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2
Q

What do the acids in the stomach mucosa cause?

A
  • Release and activation of pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins.
  • Somatostatin release from D cells.
  • Denatures proteins so increase accessible pepsin
  • Kill bacteria and other ingested microorganisms.
  • Inactivates salivary amylase, stopping carbohydrate digestion that began in the mouth
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3
Q

Omeprazole and proton pumps

A
  • Proton pump modulates the gastric secreation
  • Omeprazole irreversibly inhibits the H+/ATPase pump
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4
Q

Enzymes in Gastric acid

A
  • Protien breakdown in the stomach into pepsinogens
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5
Q

Macronutrients

A
  • Fat and lipids
  • Protien
  • Carbohydrates and sugars
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6
Q

Key functions of the digestive sytem

A
  • Ingestion - Food intake
  • Digestion - Via mechanicical or chemical
  • Absorbtion
  • Elimination
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7
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A
  • Mouth oral cavity
  • Oesphogus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum and anus

Long tubes alimentary canal

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8
Q

Accessories components

A
  • Teeth
  • Tounge
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder pancreas
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9
Q

Lumen

A
  • Epithelial tissue which moves food from the mouth to the anus
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10
Q

Mucosa

A
  • Thin layers of epithelium such as lamina propria and smooth muscle - contraction when increased acid content to release mucus
  • Secreation of mucus digestive enzymes and hormones
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11
Q

Submucosa

A
  • Thick layer of loose connective tissue that contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
  • Glands are in layer enabling perstalsis
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12
Q

Circular muscle layer

A
  • Oblique muscles surrounding the submucosa layer
  • Blood vessel and nerve innovation
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13
Q

Longditudinal muscle layer

A
  • Blood vessel and nerve innovation
  • Peristalsis which is the involentary contraction and relaxation for the movement of food
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14
Q

Serosa

A
  • Thin sheet of connective tissue that contains blood and lympatic vessels
  • This is covered by the peritoneum which secretes serous fluid to allow lubrication and sliding movement between the opposing surfaces
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15
Q

Peristaltic waves

A
  • Moves the bolus (after rinding food in mouth) forward propulsively
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16
Q

GI motility

A
  • Prevention of food entering the airways instead enters the oesophogus via the sphincter (involentary contraction and relaxing
  • Allows movement dynamically from mouth to stomach - peristalsis where the circular muscles contract and longditudinal
  • Ajacent segment also contract and relax alternative muscle contract and relax
  • Sphicter preventing backflow at the entery point to stomach
17
Q

Gut motility

Segmentation mechanism

A
  • Takes place in small intestine and large intestine
  • Each segment there is a backward motion when contraction occours at two adjacent side there is a possiblity of mixing of food e.g. digestive enzyme and bolus
  • Occours parallely no alternation allowing moving forward of food
18
Q

Mechanical

Mouth digestion

A
  • Food enters via ingestion
  • Mastication occours - chopping and grinding of food
  • Teeth and tounge aid physical breakdown
19
Q

Chemical

Mouth digestion

A
  • Salivary glands in the mouth secrete the amylase enzyme to digest carbs to break down into simple smaller molecules - 0.5%
  • Water in saliva makes the food moist and bolous so it is easy to swallow and passage to oropharynx - 99.5%
20
Q

Oesophagus

A
  • Food swallowed passes into oesophogus via narrow tube from throat to abdomen
  • Initially skeletal muscle but transition into smooth muscle two thirds of the way down
  • Under conscious control when breathing, eating, belching and vomiting
21
Q

Digestion process in the stomach

Cardiac sphincters

A
  • Thin ring like muscle helps preventing stomach contents from going back up into the oesophagus
  • Vents out air during burping
22
Q

Digestion process in the stomach

Fundus, body and antrum

A
  • 3 regions of the stomach that chyme by mixing the bolus with acid and enzymes
  • Where some digestion and absorbtion occours
23
Q

Digestion process in the stomach

how does the Rugae help with digestion?

A
  • Series of ridges folding the stomach walls containing secretory pits
  • This provides large surface area and explansion for full capacity
24
Q

Digestion process in the stomach

Function of pylorus in disgestion

A
  • Sphincter that connects the stomach to the small intestine
  • Prevention of the backflow of contents from the small intestine to the stomach
25
Q

Small intestine digestion

Duodenum

A
  • Mixes the chyme and the secretions from gal bladder and pancreas ducts
  • Absorbtion of minerals, vitamins and other micronutrients occour here
26
Q

Small intestine digestion

jejunum

A
  • Segmentation and mixing of chyme and secretions
  • Absorbtion of minerals, vitamins, micronutrients such as digetsted carbs, fats and protiens
27
Q

Small intestine digestion

Ileum

A
  • Several folds with thin wall which mixes the digested and non-digested secretions
  • Absorbtion of leftover digested carbs fats and protiens from the jejunum
28
Q

Small intestine cells structure

A
  • Contains intestinal mucosa and finger like projections (Villi) which are multi folded
  • The invagations are known as crypt
29
Q

Large intestine digestion

Caecum

A
  • Remaining filterate from small intestine enters
  • Water and electrolytes are absorbed starting from the mixing of mucus to lubricate the faeces
30
Q

Large intestine digestion

Acending, transverse, devcending sigmoid colon

A
  • Completes the absorbtion of nutrients via gastrocolic reflux
  • Bacteria in the large intestine produce vitamin B12 thimin and K
31
Q

Rectum

A

Storage place of the faeces

32
Q

Anal sphincter

A
  • Group of muscles at the end of the rectum that surrounds the anus and controls the release of stool

PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient (64 decks)

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