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PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient > Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymphocyte proliferation

T helper cell

A
  • MHC class II molecule
  • Macrophages release interleukin wich stimulates T cells
  • CD4 molecule helps the T cell receptor bind to the MHC II molecule to bind to present antigen
  • After the presentation the T helper cell secreates Interleukin 2 which stimulates the binding of the receptor with the antigen
  • Daughter cells divide again if presented with complementory antigen
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2
Q

Lymphocyte Proliferation

B cell

A
  • Can be activated by T helper cells
  • Presented on the cell surface membrane by MHC class II molecule co-stimulated by CD4
  • T cell receptor binds to MHC class II to form antigen complex which is co-stimulated by ILs from T helper
  • Stimulated B cells to divide
  • Some differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies
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3
Q

Structure and function

Antibodies

A
  • Bind to extracellular antigens
  • Y shaped protien molecule with 4 polypeptide chains
  • 2 heavy chains and 2 identical light chains
  • Variable region has the binding site and constant region
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4
Q

Types of immunoglobin

A

IgM pentameter - shaped like a hexagon
IgA Dimer - 2 antibodies connected by heavy chain
IgE monomer - Long heavy chain
IgG - monomer

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5
Q

Primary response

A
  • First exposure to antigen
  • B cell undergoes several divisions
  • Forms plasma cells and memory B cells
  • Plasma cells produce antibodies
  • Symptoms can be observed when pathogen have enough time to cause tissue damage
  • After antigen destroyed antibodies degrade and plasma cells die

IgM

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6
Q

Secondary response

A
  • Previously exposed to antigen so memory B cells quickly divide to form plasma cells
  • Quickly produce antibody so makes more memory cells
  • Quicker to produce antibodies so more plasma cells/antibodies
  • Memory cells persist for long time

IgG

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7
Q

Effect of antibodies

A
  • Inactivate antigen
  • Activates Complement Cascade
  • Initiates release of inflammatory mediators
  • Facilitate Phagocytosis
  • Antibody dependent cellular activity
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8
Q

Stage 1

Inactivate antigen

Effect of antibodies

A

antibody binds to an antigen or when many antigens are bound together

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9
Q

Stage 2

Activates Complement Cascade

Effect of antibodies

A

Antigen binds to antibody. Antibody can then activate complement proteins  inflammation, attracts WBC and lyses cells

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10
Q

Stage 3

Initiates release of inflammatory mediators

Effect of antibodies

A

Antibody binds to mast cell /basophil. Triggers degranulation

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11
Q

Stage 4

Facilitate Phagocytosis

Effect of antibodies

A

Antibody binds to antigen. Macrophages attaches to Fc of the antibody and phagocytoses both the antibody and the antigen

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12
Q

Stage 5

Antibody dependent cellular activity

Effect of antibodies

A

Activates cytotoxic cell responses. Cytotoxic cells release chemicals that destroy the antibody-bound antigen

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13
Q

Funtion of Immunoglobulin

IgG

A
  • Secondary immune responses
  • Some maternal IgGs cross the placental membrane
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14
Q

Funtion of Immunoglobulin

IgA

A
  • External secretions
  • Saliva, tears, intestinal and bronchial mucus, breast milk
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15
Q

Function of Immunoglobulin

IgE

A

Target gut parasites and are associated with allergic responses

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16
Q

Funtion of Immunoglobin

IgM

A
  • Primary immune responses
17
Q

Funtion of

Cell mediated Immunity

A
  • Intracellular effects in response to pathogens, allergic reactions, tumours
  • Essential Viral infections as antibodies can’t cross into cell
  • Destroys infected/affected cell
18
Q

Process of

Cell mediated Immunity

A
  • Viruses infect cells
  • Some viral proteins are broken down and become processed antigens
  • Combined with MHC class I molecules & presented on surface
  • T-cell receptor binding with the MHC class I to activate by Surface molecule CD8
  • Secreation of IL2 by T-Helper cells stimulates T cells to divide
19
Q

Funtion of

Cytotoxic T cell

A
  • Attract innate immune cells such as Macrophages and stimulates Phagocytosis of antigen/cell
  • Inflammatory response
  • Activate additional cytotoxic T cells
  • Directly kill virus infected cells
  • Viral antigens on surface
  • T cells bind to the antigens on the surfaces and cause the cells to lyse or under go apoptosis
20
Q

Active Natural immunity

A
  • Antigens are introduced through natural exposure
21
Q

Active artificial immunity

A
  • Antigens are deliberately introduced by a vaccine
22
Q

Passive natural immunity

A
  • Antibodies from the mother are naturally transfered to her child across the placenta or in milk
23
Q

Why do allergic responses occour?

A
  • Immune response to a non-pathogenic antigen
    Allergen is an antigen that is typically not harmful to the body
  • Sensitive individuals that have an inappropriate immune response
  • Sensitivity or hypersensitivity to the antigen
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by antibodies
  • Sensitisation and Re-exposure Phase - same as primary response phase
24
Q

Process of

Allergic response

A
  • Antibodies IgE and IgG are produced
  • IgE antibodies are immediately bound to mast cells and basophils.
  • Memory T and memory B cells formed Re-exposure
  • Allergen binds to IgE already present on mast cells
    triggers immediate release of histamine, cytokines, other mediators
  • Cause allergic symptoms strong and rapid response
25
Q

Aging Immune system

A
  • Remove fluid from tissues,
  • Absorb lipids from the digestive tract
  • Remove defective red blood cells
  • Thymus replaced with adipose tissue so lose the ability to produce mature T cells and may lose functionality
  • Antigen exposure leads to fewer helper t cells
    Less stimulation of B and cytotoxic T cells
  • Antibody and cell mediated responses decrease
  • Primary and secondary antibody responses decrease

PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient (64 decks)

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