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PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of respiratory system

A
  • Ventilation movement in and out of the lungs
  • External respiration exchange and transport of CO2 and O2 in the blood
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2
Q

Respiration definition

A
  • Cellular metabolism provides O2 needed for cellular respiration - make ATP from glucose
  • Removal of toxic CO2
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3
Q

Function of repiratory system

Regulation of blood pH

A
  • Altering blood CO2 levels on the blood
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4
Q

Functions of respiration

Voice production

A

Air movement past the vocal cords

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5
Q

Functions of respiration

Olfaction

A

Airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

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6
Q

Functions of respiration

Innate immunity

A
  • Protects against certain microorganisms and other pathogens - preventing them from entering the body and by removing them from respiratory surfaces
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7
Q

Structure of respiratory system

A

– Upper repiratory tract Nose and nasal cavity
* Air enters
* Pharynx
* Larynx

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8
Q

Lowere respiratory tract

A
  • Trachea
    -Bronchi
  • Lungs
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9
Q

The lungs

A
  • 2 lungs seperated by mediastinum in which the heart is situated
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10
Q

How many lobes are in the lungs

A
  • Left lung – 2 lobes
  • Right lung – 3 lobes
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11
Q

Where is the heart situated with respect to the lungs

A
  • Cardiac notch left lung slightly narrower
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12
Q

Lung structure detail

A
  • Surrounded by
    -a pleural cavity viceral pleural
  • Passage branch which decrease in size and Increase in number
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13
Q

Conduction of airways

A
  • Stricly for ventilation purposes
  • Trachea is a cartilage that is split into left and right of bronchi bifurcation
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14
Q

Bronchial tree

A
  • Left and right bronchi division then secondary divion of bronchi in lobes of lung then to tertiary and finally terminal bronchi
  • Top of tree is usually lots of cartilage with smooth muscle which allows air to flow into the lungs
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15
Q

Alveoli

A
  • Air filled sacs
  • Membrane v elastic that can expand and contract
  • Surrounded by a capillary network to provide efficient gas exchange
  • Contain repiratory membrane gas exchange between the air and blood takes place
  • Very very thin
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16
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A
  • Forms alveolar wall allowing gas exchange
17
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

– Secreate surfactant Type of mucus
- Defence
* Role in breathing and stabilises
alveoli
* Recoil of lungs

18
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A
  • Defence against foreign
    particles/infectious
    microorganisms that reach the
    alveoli
19
Q

Ventilation

A
  • Inhalation and exhalation which is regulated by the thoratic volume by pressure changes
  • the pressure difference between the atmosphere and inside the lungs
20
Q

Air flow and
pressure changes Gas exchange

A
  • Increase volume of a container increases, the pressure within the container decreases the respiratory muscles change volume of thorax
  • Air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure the greater the pressure difference, the greater the rate of airflow
21
Q

Respiratory muscles

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostal muscles
  • External and Internal
  • Scalene muscles
  • Sternocleidomastoid muscles
  • Pectoral muscles
  • Abdominal muscles
22
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Dome shaped
  • Contraction downwards and flattens increasing thorotic cavity
  • Relaxing recoils upwards reducing the thorotic cavity
  • Only muscle to work while sleeping
23
Q

Intercostal muscle

A
  • Between ribs
  • Two planes of muscular and tendinous fibres occupying each intercostal space
24
Q

External intercostal muscle

A
  • Slope downwards and forward
  • Contract the ribs upwards and outward
  • Elevates ribs and sternum
25
Q

Internal intercostal muscle

A
  • Opposing directions contracting the lower ribs
26
Q

Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm contracts
  • External intercostals and contraction occours
    -Forced breathing where contraction occours more forcefully such as scalene muscles, Sternocleidomastoid and Pectoral muscles
27
Q

Active process of inspiration

A
  • Signals from the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
  • Contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles leading to the diaphragm moving downward
  • Transverse and vertical expansion of thorotic pressure
  • Lung volume increases and the intra-alveolar pressure decreases
  • Air is then sucked inwards
28
Q

Expiration

A
  • Passive process Elastic tissue
  • Lung recoils
  • Diaphragam relaxes dome decrease in vol
  • External intercostal muscles relax downwards and inwards
  • Internal intercostals contract
  • Abdominal muscles contract
29
Q

End of Expiration

A
  • Intra pulmonary pressure =
    atmospheric pressure
  • No air movement
30
Q

Inspiration

A
  • Increased thoracic volume
  • Increased alveolar volume
  • Decreased alveolar pressure
  • Atmospheric pressure > alveolar
    pressure
  • Air moves into lungs
31
Q

End of inspiration

A
  • Alveolar pressure = atmospheric
    pressure
  • No air movement
32
Q

Expiration pressure cycle

A
  • Decreased thoracic volume
  • Decreased alveolar volume
  • Increased alveolar
  • Alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure
  • Air moves out of lungs
33
Q

Pleural Pressure

A
  • Lower than alvear pressure
  • Suction effect - fluid removal by the lymphatic system
34
Q

What happens if there is a lower plural pressure compared to alveolar

A
  • Pulls the pleura away from the outside of the alveoli
  • Pressure on the alveoli is lower
  • Expansion opposes lung tendancy to recoil
35
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • Air introduced
  • Pleural pressure is not low enough to overcome lung recoil
  • Alveoli collapse

PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient (64 decks)

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