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PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient > Special Senses - Eye > Flashcards

Special Senses - Eye Flashcards

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1
Q

6 Senses

A
  • Somatosensory system (pressure, warmth, vibration, limb position)
  • Sight (Visual system)
  • Hearing (Auditory system)
  • Taste (Gustatory system)
  • Smell (Olfactory system)
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2
Q

Components of the eye

A
  • Vision is the dominant sense in humans
  • Eye protected by orbit and cushion of fat
  • Eyelids or palpebrae
  • Blink
  • Eyelashes
  • Conjunctiva
  • transparent mucous membrane
  • Lacrimal apparatus
  • Lacrimal gland: Responsible for tears (PNS) mucus, antibodies and lysozyme
  • Nasolacrimal duct → nasal cavity
  • Extrinsic Eye MusclesMovement
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3
Q

Fibrous Layer (Outer)

Sclera

A

The white of the eye

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4
Q

Fibrous Layer (Outer)

Cornea

A

Front of the eye (transparent)

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5
Q

Vascular layer

Choroid

A
  • Dark: melanin containing cell
  • Absorbs light
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6
Q

Vascular layer

Ciliary body

A
  • Cilliary muscles
  • Change thickness of Lens
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7
Q

Vascular layer

Iris

A
  • Coloured part of eye
  • Highly vascularised
  • Pupil size controlled by muscles of the iris
  • Light passes through pupil
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8
Q

Nervous tissue layer (inner most)

Retina

A
  • Outer Pigmented retina
  • Prevents light reflection
  • Inner sensory retina
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9
Q

Anterior Segment / cavity

Anterior chamber

A

Chamber between cornea and iris

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10
Q

Anterior Segment / cavity

Posterior chamber

A

Chamber between iris and lens

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11
Q

Anterior Segment / cavity

Aqueous humor

A
  • Watery liquid, replaced continuously
  • Filtered through ciliary body and returned to blood via venoussynus
  • Nutrients
  • Refracts light
  • Maintains pressure
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12
Q

Posterior segment/cavity

Vitreous humor

A
  • Jellylike
  • Maintains pressure and refracts
  • Forms in embryo and doesn’t circulate
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13
Q

Vision

A
  • The iris allows light into the eye
  • Focused by the cornea, lens, and humors onto the retina
  • The light striking the retina produces action potentials that are relayed to the brain via optic nerve
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14
Q

Retina

Outer thin pigmented layer

A

Melanocytes (prevent light scattering), contains melanin

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15
Q

Retina

Inner thicker neural/sensory layer

A
  • Photoreceptors
  • Rods
  • Cones
  • Bipolor cells
  • Ganglion cells
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16
Q

Retina

Macula

A
  • High-resolution, color vision (lots of rods and cones)
  • Within this is the fovea
  • Where light is most focused when the eye is looking directly at an object
  • Highest density of cones
17
Q

Retina

Optic disc

A
  • Blood vessels enter the eye
  • Axons from the retina meet, pass through the layers and exit the eye as the optic nerve
  • No photoreceptors
18
Q

Passage of Light through the eye

A
  • Light passes through components of anterior cavity and is focused by lens and passes through vitreous humor
  • Past/between axons, ganglion cells and bipolar cells, to
  • photoreceptors next to pigmented layer
19
Q

Glycoma

A
  • large quantity of fluid (aqueous humour)
  • Requires drainage so vision could be restored
20
Q

Photoreceptors

Rod cells

A
  • More sensitive to light - vision permitted in dim light
    but only gray and fuzzy
  • Only black and white and not sharp
  • Rhodopsin breaks down to opsin
21
Q

Cone cells

A
  • High acuity NEED bright light
  • Colour vision
  • 3 sub-types:
  • blue, red and green light cones
  • found in macula lutea,
  • operate in bright light, colour vision
22
Q

Photo Transduction

A

Retina takes light energy and converts it to electrical energy (in photoreceptors)
* Rods operate in dim light, numerous at periphery of
retina, fuzzy images
* Rhodopsin (1) = protein opsin loosely bound to pigment called retinal
* Light= retinal changes shape→ splits into opsin and retinal.
* Change in rhodopsin stimulates the rods, resulting in vision
* Generates a receptor potential → action potential in them attached

23
Q

Neural pathway

A
  • Optic nerve leaves eye enters brain at optic
    chiasm
  • Some fibres cross to otherside of brain➔ then visual cortex in
    occipital lobe

PMP 101 Health, Disease and Patient (64 decks)

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