Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)

Question 1

Aim

Answer 1

to investigate if attachment style are universal across cultures or culturally specific

Question 2

Procedure

Answer 2

meta-analysis
data from 32 separate studies carried out in 8 different countries
used strange situation
excluded studies using children with special needs, children >24 months

Question 3

Results

Answer 3

secure attachment most common
German = value independency -> show less distress collectivist
Japan = value dependency -> very distressed individualist
Variation was 1.5x greater within cultures than between them
Israel = only studied that transferred results similar to American culture

Question 4

Conclusion

Answer 4

Results varying more due to economic status, level of education in parents and their environment than parenting culture (as there was more variance within cultures than between them)
significant variations of insecure attachment

Question 5

AO1

Answer 5

aim = use data from a variety of countries to compare cross-cultural differences in attachment style
Used computer to search for studies involving only mother-child attachment types A, B, C, any reported as insecure eliminated from meta analysis
Results showed secure attachment was most common

Question 6

Strength

Answer 6

+Generalisable = large sample size and used number of studies from each country looked at, making results generalisable
+ Reliability = Use specific criteria such as only using studies looking at mother and child attachments, making it easily replicable

Question 7

Weakness

Answer 7

Children with special needs excluded from sample so it cannot be said results are true for attachment types for children with special needs
Meta-analysis = issues with how original studies carried out research would have an affect on validity of results

Question 8

Advantage of using meta-analysis

Answer 8

• Single studies give incomplete information that focus on one setting or culture whereas meta analysis gives a wider view.
  Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg used studies from eight countries making conclusions more generalisable to more individuals than one culture
• Single studies use one method and analyse one set of results whereas meta-analysis offer more than one set of results
  Having many set of results means data can be tested for reliability by doing re-tests