Issues And Debates Flashcards
Ethical cognitive
Ethical = lab exp
Unethical = brain damaged patients
Classic study = Baddleey (1966b) GOOD
Ethical social
Ethical = burger
Unethical = milgram
Classic study = sherif 1954/61 BAD put in harms way in hostile situation
Ethical issues biological
Ethical = li et al (two ethical commitees)
Unethical = adoption studies
Raine et al 1997 = pet scans are invasive, nrgis lawyer told them to do it, if they are insane cant give informed consent, but scanner had no exposure to violence
Learning ethics
Ethical = Becker 2002 (did not cause ED), observe naturally)
Unethical = Bandura ross and ross (exposed to violence)
Watson and reyner 1920 = bad
Reductionism cognitive
Redductionistic = multi store model
Holistic = bartlett (looked at lots of qualitative featuers of memory)
Baddeley =BAD, reduced memory down to semantic and acoustic
Reductionistic socil
Reductionistic = social impact theory, ignores social and individual factors
Holistic = milgram and variation studies/ social identity theory
Classic = sherif, field study but prejudice just about competition
Reductionism learning
Reductionistic = skinner
Holistic = social learning theory
Classic = watson ad reyner, phobia just conditioned response not true
Nature vs nurture cognitivr
Nature = Sebastian and hernandez gil (2012)
Nurture = bartlett
Classic = baddeley, encoded nature
Nature vs nurture scoial
Nature = social impact theory, SIN
Nurture = agency theory, evolved to be obedient nature but harsh parenting = nurture
Classic = sherif, participants chosen for compeittive nature, could be genetic but competition is nurture, wetherell new zealand says its nurture
Nature vs nurtuer learnign
Nature = social learning theory = pay attention to same gender models but margaret mead
Nurture = cook and mineka rhesus monkeys, watch be scared of snake
Watson and rey = acquire phobia from nurture, but unconditioned stimulus is nature
Social control cognitive
-Direct intervention for dyslexia = force them to do working memory exercises to participate in mainstream education
-Knowing memories are reconstrutive = can change how people remember situations, eyewitness testimonies
-Baddeley, advertisers use sym to hijack memories acoustically
Social social control
-Milgram obedience, make someone obey you, army and police using uniform
-Social impact theory = social engineering, use more polices so number of targets is more
-Sherif superordinate goals to reduce conflict
Biological social control
-Brain areas associated to patients, lobotomies dont just reduce aggression but all emotional reactions
-Hawke (1951) convicted sex offenders are castrated, suitable punishment but controlling of people behaviour
-Raine et al scan brain to identify criminals before they have committed a crime
Learning social control
-Token economies = operant conditioning, give rewards for good behaviour
-Aversion therapy = classical conditioning, discourage unwanted behaviours by pairing stimuli
-Watson and reyner
Use of psychological knowlege in society cognitive
-Understand working memory = dyslexia classroom strategies or direct interventions
-Episodic memories = multiple elements, remind someone of something so they remember everything -> witnesses police
-Baddeley = revision
Use of psychological knowlege in society social
-Blind obedience to authority, put laws to protect and make it easier for people to speak out against authority figure (police)
-Segregated communities facilitates social categorisation. Condition for prejudice to social identity theory
-Sherif = superordinate goals cna be used to reducep prejudice between groups of people
Use of psychological knowlege in society biological
-Li et al = help drug addicts change lives to stay away from drugs
-Aggression = understanding causes help identify who we should treat
-Raine = helps prove they are ngri, can hit themselves on head then please insane even if werent when committed crime
Use of psychological knowlege in society learning
-Becker = ed spread awareness, french magazines fined 30K if show size 0 models
-Bandura = setting good example for children
-Watson = Systematic desen and flooding
Science cognitive
Science = Labs scientific, empirically tested, falsifiable hypothesis, objective
Unscien = bartlett = qualitative, no standardised procedures met students 6 and a half years later
Class = Baddeley lab high level of control, word lists, operationalised
Science social
Sci = Social impact theory, can be falsified
Unsci = Tajfel minimal measured in scientific way but can social behaviour be measures like this
Sherif = field study, qualitative, hard to establish cause and effect . Tyerman adn spencer bad
Science biological
Sc = animal scientific, can see cause and effects, replciable
Unsc = Evlutionary, cant go back in time just a theory
Raine et al 1997 = natural, unctroned EV, but used pet scans
Science learning
Sc = pavlov, cannulas etc
Unsc = becker, used surveys but used different sample, qualitative, self report ques
Watson = lobjective, good controls (different stimuli)
Practical issue cognitive
+lab exp
Seb and gil = digit span test, standardised, lacked ev tho
Baddeley = indiv differences, lacks mundane realism
PRactical issues social
Questionnaires measuring attitudes but sdb
Milgram = used questionnaire guesssed aims and said they wouldnt obey, used deception instead
Sherif = field, reliability low, tyerman and spencer
Practical issues biological
Brain scans objective
Li et al = fmri, heroin, standardised, theres background noise when doing scan so parts of brain would already be active
Raine et al = pet scan, matched for many things but only partially
Practical issues learning
Animal studies = may not generalise to humans, but lareg sample
Pavlov = controlled EV = repicable high cv, but can dogs -> humans
Watson = one person, lacked ev, may ave been more aniousunfamiliar environment
Cultural issues cognitive
Seb and gil = only spanish, did compare to anglo saxon but small sample
Bartlett = 20 british pts native american story good unfamiliar to them
Baddeley = only english speakers (ethnocentric)
Culture issues in social
Cross cultural research = milgram with killham and mann found 16% women gave max shock but diff to burger
Social impact theory = supposed to be culture free, but usually white people
Sherif = all american from oklahoma, repeated with new zealand wetherell werent prejudice
Culture issues biological
Li et al = chinese addicts
Evolution = bad papua new guinea tribes different
Raine et al = nrgis southern california, test itself is culture free (brain scan)
Culture issues learning
Bandura ross and ross = children from white nursery skl
Becker = only fijian
Watson = american child or low socioeconomic status, when using animals same result so likely to beuniversal
Gender issue
Seb and gil = 298 f 272 m equal
Brain damaged patients = andocentric, beta biased all men
Baddeley = gender balanced
Gender issue social
Milgram andocentric but burger
But killham and mann and sheridan and king
Sherif = all boys, beta bias
Gender bio
Li et al = 14 male
Christianson = male and female
Evolutionary = men better at certain things
Raine = 3 m 2f but this reflects actual proportion of murderers
Gender learning
Bandura = even 36 b 36 g
Backer = gynocentric
Watson = single male child
Psychology understanding developed over time cognitive
MSM let to WMM
Baddeley = important for WMM
Psychology understanding developed over time social
WW2 made agency theory
Social impact theory helped milgram, asch
Sherif = reliastic condlict theory helped prejudice situational
Psychology understanding developed over time biological
Explanations of aggression based on brain helped make brain scans and measuring hormones
Raine et al = biolgoical explanaiton of aggression which ledd to sociocultural explanation
Psychology understanding developed over time learning
Bandura -> social learning thoery and idea that people could be affected by violent role models on tv
Watsn and reyner = led to systematic desenstiiseion, flooding, aversion therpa
Social sensitive research cognitivr
Seb and gil = makes people feel stupid and ango saxon smart but its j because of syllables
ALzheimer = create perception that these ppl r burden on amily
Baddeley = stigmatising people wos memories dont work that way dyslexia
Social sensitive research social
Milgram = dont in many cultures, those with higer obedience can have negative perception
Orpen = found white africans susceptible to social pressure, negative perception of south white africans
Sherif = shame te boys parents involved or oklahoma for having aggrssive boys
Social sensitive research biological
Li et al = addicts prone to relapse not worth helping unless they get new job and lifestyle
Evolution = rape gene, cant elp it and can use defence in court
Raine et al = violent behaviour biolgoical, believe they cant control it but tey can
Social sensitive research learning
Aversion terpay = can be used to treat homosexuality
Becker = fijian schoolgirls criticised families calues during interviews
Watson = albert wasnt deconditioned
