Introduction to Clinical Psychology Flashcards
What are the 4 D’s
Deviance
Dysfunction
Distress
Danger
What do psychiatrists look at most
Symptoms
Information on general health
Social or psychological problems
What are clinical psychologists concerned with
Concerned with abnormal behaviours
Seek to define what makes behaviour normal
Diagnose problems so it can be treated
Why are the 4D’s helpful
Determine when a mental health issue could be considered a mental health disorder
What is deviance
Behaviours are deviated unusual, vulnerable and bizzare
What two things does deviance look at
Social norms = desirability of behaviour depends on historical context, culture, age and gender of individual
Statistical norms = behaviours used to measure unusualness of any behaviours
What is dysfunction
Symptoms that distract, confuse or interfere with ability to carry out roles and responsibilities
How is a persons “dysfunction” measured
Assess everyday function
WHODAS II = questionnaire assessing person’s understanding of world, communication, deterioration in self care
What are the everyday tasks that are assessed
Trouble getting up in morning
Failure to complete tasks at work or college
Problems participating in routine activities
What is distress
Symptoms that cause emotional pain or anxiety
What are the symptoms important for
Diagnosis
What does the clinician consider when making a diagnosis
Intensity
Duration
Person’s level of functioning when making diagnosis
How is distress measured
Quantitative data using K10 scale
10-item self report scale focusing on experiences in past 4 weeks
What is danger
Careless, hostile behaviour jeopardising safety of person
How is danger predicted
Looking at history of aggression
When may a person be detained for danger
If 3 professionals agree they are a danger to themself or others
Strength
More factors than just deviance from statistical or social norms considered when making a diagnosis such as avoiding eccentric situations but are actually harmless people seen as abnormal
CA
No hard and fast rules about how to combine D’s
Could be situation causing a problem
Weakness
In deviance you are comparing it to the social norm so its subjective (some might think its abnormal, others don’t)
Some disorders can be distorted in the media such as people with schizophrenia
Application
4Ds used by clinicians in conjunction with classification manuals (DSM-5 and ICD-10)
Different mixes of Ds in different disorders
