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A. Small Animal Medicine and Surgery > Urolithiasis > Flashcards

Urolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

what chemicals are likely to precipitate?

A

Mg+
NH4+
PO4-
Ca
Ox

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2
Q

are feline uroliths indications of disease?

A

no

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3
Q

what do feline uroliths indicate?

A

supersaturation of urine
often will not develop uroliths

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4
Q

what are urate uroliths associated with?

A

portosystemic shunts

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5
Q

are feline struvite uroliths usually sterile?

A

yes

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6
Q

how can you treat felines for hypercalcemia?

A

high fiber diet
avoid acidifying diets
prednisone
biphosphonates
chia seeds

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7
Q

what should you screen cats with calcium oxalate uroliths for?

A

hypercalcemia

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8
Q

how can you tell a cat has hypercalcemia of malignancy?

A

mild to severe elevations in total calcium
ionized calcium elevations
PTH 0
PTHrp measurable

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9
Q

what can cause hypercalcemia of malignancy?

A

lymphoma
squamous cell carcinoma
others

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10
Q

what are feline calcium oxalate uroliths often due to?

A

idiopathic hypercalcemia

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11
Q

what are the treatment options for feline calcium oxalate uroliths?

A

surgery
percutaneous cystolithotomy
urohydropulsion

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12
Q

what should urine specific gravity be for cats with calcium oxalate uroliths?

A

less than 1.030

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13
Q

how can you diagnose feline uroliths?

A

abdominal radiographs
abdominal ultrasound
percutaneous antegrade pyelography
diuretic renal scintigraphy
fluoroscopy

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14
Q

what are the options for medical management of feline uroliths?

A

intravenous fluids
alpha antagonists
amitriptyline
glucagon
diuretics

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15
Q

why should you go to surgery sooner for a ureterolith?

A

better return to kidney function the earlier you go

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16
Q

what are the majority of feline ureteroliths?

A

calcium oxalate

17
Q

what are the signs of a canine urolith in the kidney?

A

signs of uremia
signs of pyelonephritis
no clinical signs

18
Q

what does treatment of canine uroliths depend on?

A

urolith location
clinical presentation

19
Q

what are the options for canine nephroliths and cystic calculi?

A

surgical removal
medical dissolution
voiding hydropropulsion
percutaneous antegrade pyelography

20
Q

how does lithotripsy work?

A

high frequency sound waves “shatter” uroliths

21
Q

what are some inhibitors of precipitation?

A

citrate
glycosaminoglycans

22
Q

what urolith types are common in cats?

A

struvite- calcium ammonium phosphate
calcium-oxalate

23
Q

what diets are for dissolution of struvite uroliths?

A

low-magnesium
urine acidifying

24
Q

what is usually elevated in idiopathic hypercalcemia?

A

total calcium
ionized calcium
PTH

25
Q

how can you treat hypercalcemia in a diet?

A

high fiber
avoid acidifying diets- mobilize calcium
chia seeds

26
Q

how can you identify hypercalcemia of malignancy?

A

elevated total calcium
elevated ionized calcium
PTHrP measurable
PTH 0

27
Q

what does primary hyperparathyroidism cause on bloodwork?

A

elevated total calcium
elevated ionized calcium
high PTH

28
Q

what can be found on physical exam with ureteroliths?

A

unequal kidney size
pain on kidney or spinal palpation
hematuria

29
Q

what are the options for medical management of ureteroliths?

A

intravenous fluid therapy
alpha-antagonists
amitriptyline
glucagon
diuretics

30
Q

what should you do to stabilize the patient prior to surgery for ureteroliths?

A

correct hyperkalemia
surgery and place sub
fluids

31
Q

what are the majority of feline ureteroliths?

A

calcium oxalate

32
Q

what nephroliths and cystic calculi can be dissolved?

A

struvite
urate
cystine?

33
Q

how long should you continue diagnostic imaging for canine stones?

A

uroliths not visible for 30 days
uroliths stable for 60 days
>6 months

34
Q

how can you treat ureteroliths in dogs?

A

diuresis
smooth muscle relaxants
anti-inflammatory medication
analgesics
surgery
difficult to manage

35
Q

how can you dissolve urate stones?

A

restrict protein
monitor urine pH and alkalinize if needed
allopurinol

36
Q

how can you dissolve struvite stones in dogs?

A

treat infection
acidify urine if needed

37
Q

how can you treat cystine stones in dogs?

A

reduce protein
alkalinize urine if needed
reduce cystinuria
neuter

A. Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (71 decks)

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