Stroke Flashcards
what is stroke?
neurological deficits because of cerebrovascular cause
what is ischemia?
reduction in blood flow to a level incompatible with normal function
what can cause an ischemic infarction?
vascular obstruction: embolus, thrombus
what causes a lacunar infarction?
occlusion of terminal branch
where does the choroidal artery off of the middle cerebral artery provide blood?
lateral ventricle
choroid plexus
what are the clinical signs with rostral cerebral artery infarction/occlusion?
lethargy
menace deficits
nasal hypalgesia
proprioceptive deficits
what can cause a thrombus arterial obstruction?
atherosclerosis
polycythemia
what is the onset like with strokes?
acute or peracute
how many patients with a stroke will have improvement of clinical signs?
> 2/3
which animals usually have cerebellar infarctions?
older animals
where are hemorrhagic infarctions most often found?
forebrain
grey matter
how many pairs of arteries supply the brain?
5
do deep arteries anastomose above capillary level?
rarely
where are there profuse anastomoses?
surface of brain
major artery exiting from circle of willis
what is infarction?
reduction of blood flow so severe and prolonged that an area of cellular necrosis is produced
what is a hemorrhagic infarction like?
vessel disruption: bleeding, secondary hypoxia
what is a territorial infarction like?
occlusion of main artery
larger areas affected
which zones are mainly involved in a watershed infarction?
border zones
what are the clinical signs with a middle cerebral artery problem?
circling
seizure
what are the clinical signs with striate artery problems?
circling
head/neck turn
menace deficit
hemiparesis
proprioceptive dysfunction
what can lead to an embolism?
heart disease
hypercoagulopathy
dirofilaria
what can cause vasospasm?
cuterebra larva
what can cause hemorrhage?
hypertension
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
vascular malformation
neoplasia
vasculitis
coagulopathy
what is the CSF like in a stroke?
mild pleocytosis
elevated protein
erythrophagia possible
what are the limitations to diagnosing a stroke in dogs and cats?
small brain
very difficult to isolate abnormal vascular structures
unclear what is cause of vascular stenosis
is distribution of infarction, form, or location predictive of outcome of a stroke?
no
what are cerebellar infarctions like in dogs and cats?
dogs: rostral
cats: caudal
what is the most common sign with hemorrhagic infarctions?
seizures
less common if ischemic
