Stroke

Question 1

what is stroke?

Answer 1

neurological deficits because of cerebrovascular cause

Question 2

what is ischemia?

Answer 2

reduction in blood flow to a level incompatible with normal function

Question 3

what can cause an ischemic infarction?

Answer 3

vascular obstruction: embolus, thrombus

Question 4

what causes a lacunar infarction?

Answer 4

occlusion of terminal branch

Question 5

where does the choroidal artery off of the middle cerebral artery provide blood?

Answer 5

lateral ventricle
choroid plexus

Question 6

what are the clinical signs with rostral cerebral artery infarction/occlusion?

Answer 6

lethargy
menace deficits
nasal hypalgesia
proprioceptive deficits

Question 7

what can cause a thrombus arterial obstruction?

Answer 7

atherosclerosis
polycythemia

Question 8

what is the onset like with strokes?

Answer 8

acute or peracute

Question 9

how many patients with a stroke will have improvement of clinical signs?

Answer 9

> 2/3

Question 10

which animals usually have cerebellar infarctions?

Answer 10

older animals

Question 11

where are hemorrhagic infarctions most often found?

Answer 11

forebrain
grey matter

Question 12

how many pairs of arteries supply the brain?

Answer 12

5

Question 13

do deep arteries anastomose above capillary level?

Answer 13

rarely

Question 14

where are there profuse anastomoses?

Answer 14

surface of brain
major artery exiting from circle of willis

Question 15

what is infarction?

Answer 15

reduction of blood flow so severe and prolonged that an area of cellular necrosis is produced

Question 16

what is a hemorrhagic infarction like?

Answer 16

vessel disruption: bleeding, secondary hypoxia

Question 17

what is a territorial infarction like?

Answer 17

occlusion of main artery
larger areas affected

Question 18

which zones are mainly involved in a watershed infarction?

Answer 18

border zones

Question 19

what are the clinical signs with a middle cerebral artery problem?

Answer 19

circling
seizure

Question 20

what are the clinical signs with striate artery problems?

Answer 20

circling
head/neck turn
menace deficit
hemiparesis
proprioceptive dysfunction

Question 21

what can lead to an embolism?

Answer 21

heart disease
hypercoagulopathy
dirofilaria

Question 22

what can cause vasospasm?

Answer 22

cuterebra larva

Question 23

what can cause hemorrhage?

Answer 23

hypertension
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
vascular malformation
neoplasia
vasculitis
coagulopathy

Question 24

what is the CSF like in a stroke?

Answer 24

mild pleocytosis
elevated protein
erythrophagia possible

Question 25

what are the limitations to diagnosing a stroke in dogs and cats?

Answer 25

small brain
very difficult to isolate abnormal vascular structures
unclear what is cause of vascular stenosis

Question 26

is distribution of infarction, form, or location predictive of outcome of a stroke?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

what are cerebellar infarctions like in dogs and cats?

Answer 27

dogs: rostral
cats: caudal

Question 28

what is the most common sign with hemorrhagic infarctions?

Answer 28

seizures
less common if ischemic