Urogenital Surgery Flashcards
what is the most common type of neoplasia in the kidneys of dogs?
renal carcinoma
where does the urinary tract rupture most commonly?
urinary bladder: 55%
what are some causes for urethral obstruction/stricture?
secondary to urinary calculi
spay complication
ectopic ureters
bladder or ureteral cancer
when might a nephrectomy be performed due to pyelonephritis?
unresponsive to medical treatment
what imaging might be performed prior to a nephrectomy?
CT scan
abdominal ultrasonography
thoracic radiographs
what does renal scintigraphy measure?
glomerular filtration rate in each kidney
where should you transect ureters in a nephrectomy?
close to urinary bladder
what are the complications of nephrectomy?
worsening azotemia, uremia
massive hemorrhage
what is the luminal diameter of a cat ureter?
0.4 mm
normal ureters insertion on the trigone is ___ shaped
“J”
what do 30% of cats have with their ureters?
circumcaval ureter on the right
what is the most common cause of ureteral obstruction?
calculi
what does a ureteral obstruction cause?
decreased renal blood flow
decreased GFR
longer duration means less likely to recover
how can you diagnose ureteral obstruction?
abdominal radiographs
abdominal ultrasound
computed tomography
where do calculi usually get stuck in the ureter?
proximal and middle ureter
what are the options for surgery on a ureteral obstruction?
ureterostomy
ureteroneocystostomy (resection and re-implantation)
what are the complications of ureteral stents?
reobstruction- encrustation
dislodgement
pollakiuria/dysuria
what are the complications of subcutaneous ureteral bypass?
obstruction/encrustation
leakage
kinking
persistent UTI
are ectopic ureters more common in dogs or cats?
dogs
what are the types of ectopic ureters?
intramural
extramural
double ureteral opening
ureteral trough
what are the surgical options for intramural ectopic ureters?
cystoscopy guided laser ablation
neoureterostomy
ureteroneocystostomy (resection and reimplantation)
what are the urinary bladder problems that would require surgery?
urocystoliths
urinary bladder rupture
urinary neoplasia
what is the most common type of urocystolith in female dogs?
struvite
do prophylactic antimicrobials impact culture results of samples collected during cystotomy for cystic calculi removal?
no
how long do mucosal defects in the normal bladder take to heal?
5 days
how long do full-thickness defects in the bladder take to regain 100% strength?
2-3 weeks
how long is hematuria expected after a cystotomy?
3-5 days
what is the most common cause of a uroabdomen?
urinary bladder rupture
why is uroabdomen a medical emergency?
mild to severe azotemia, hyperkalemia
dehydration
acidosis
collapse
what is the penile urethra diameter in male cats?
0.7 mm
what conditions are associated with the urethra?
urethral obstruction
urethral tear
urethral neoplasia
why is urethral obstruction a medical emergency?
mild to severe azotemia, hyperkalemia: bradycardia
dehydration
acidosis
collapse
what are the complications of a urethrotomy?
stricture
recurrent obstruction
what are the complications of a scrotal urethrostomy?
dehiscence
urine extravasation
stricture
persistent hemorrhage
what factors are crucial for urethral healing?
preservation of mucosal continuity
avoidance of urine extravasation
in whom is urethral prolapse most common?
young male brachycephalic dogs
what are the palliative options for a transitional cell carcinoma in the urethra?
urethral stent
permanent cystotomy tube
when does pyometra occur?
diestrus ~8 weeks after proestrus
what is the treatment of choice for pyometra?
ovariohysterectomy
what are the fetal causes for an emergency cesarean section?
relative or absolute fetal oversize
fetal malpresentation
fetal distress
fetal death with putrefaction
which breeds are predisposed to dystocia?
brachycephalic breeds
scottish terriers
is leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma benign or malignant?
benign
what is an episioplasty?
resection of vulvar skin fold
when do testicles descend in dogs?
30-40 days after birth
why should you remove a cryptorchid testicle?
risk of testicular torsion
risk of neoplastic transformation
what percentage of animals have been reported to have multiple renal arteries?
10%
who gets a nephrectomy due to neoplasia most commonly?
older
male
medium-to-large dogs
how often in urinary tract ruptures does the urethra rupture?
25%
what diagnostics should you run prior to a nephrectomy?
bloodwork- UA, chem, cbc
imaging
renal scintigraphy
when is renal scintigraphy optional prior to a nephrectomy?
non-azotemic
opposite kidney appears normal on AUS
entire affected kidney structurally abnormal
what is the most common location for ureteral obstruction?
proximal and middle ureter more than uretero-vesicular junction
what are the complications with subcutaneous ureteral bypass?
obstruction/encrustation
leakage
kinking
persistent UTI
what is the likelihood of persistent incontinence following surgery for ectopic ureters?
50%
in whom are intramural ectopic ureters common?
dogs
in whom are extramural ectopic ureters common?
cats
what catheterization is performed for cystotomy?
normograde and retrograde
how can you diagnose transitional cell carcinoma?
BRAF mutation- PCR urine
how much of the bladder wall can be removed if ureteral papillae are not involved?
up to 70%
what is a common site in male dogs of urethral obstruction?
caudal end os penis
what are the complications with scrotal urethrostomy?
dehiscence
urine extravasation
stricture
persistent hemorrhage
what can be seen on bloodwork with pyometra?
leucocytosis
what maternal causes would indicate an emergency cesarean section?
primary or secondary uterine inertia
failure of medical management of uterine inertia
maternal pelvic canal causing obstruction
uterine torsion, rupture, or herniation
significant maternal illness
