Urogenital Surgery

Question 1

what is the most common type of neoplasia in the kidneys of dogs?

Answer 1

renal carcinoma

Question 2

where does the urinary tract rupture most commonly?

Answer 2

urinary bladder: 55%

Question 3

what are some causes for urethral obstruction/stricture?

Answer 3

secondary to urinary calculi
spay complication
ectopic ureters
bladder or ureteral cancer

Question 4

when might a nephrectomy be performed due to pyelonephritis?

Answer 4

unresponsive to medical treatment

Question 5

what imaging might be performed prior to a nephrectomy?

Answer 5

CT scan
abdominal ultrasonography
thoracic radiographs

Question 6

what does renal scintigraphy measure?

Answer 6

glomerular filtration rate in each kidney

Question 7

where should you transect ureters in a nephrectomy?

Answer 7

close to urinary bladder

Question 8

what are the complications of nephrectomy?

Answer 8

worsening azotemia, uremia
massive hemorrhage

Question 9

what is the luminal diameter of a cat ureter?

Answer 9

0.4 mm

Question 10

normal ureters insertion on the trigone is ___ shaped

Answer 10

“J”

Question 11

what do 30% of cats have with their ureters?

Answer 11

circumcaval ureter on the right

Question 12

what is the most common cause of ureteral obstruction?

Answer 12

calculi

Question 13

what does a ureteral obstruction cause?

Answer 13

decreased renal blood flow
decreased GFR
longer duration means less likely to recover

Question 14

how can you diagnose ureteral obstruction?

Answer 14

abdominal radiographs
abdominal ultrasound
computed tomography

Question 15

where do calculi usually get stuck in the ureter?

Answer 15

proximal and middle ureter

Question 16

what are the options for surgery on a ureteral obstruction?

Answer 16

ureterostomy
ureteroneocystostomy (resection and re-implantation)

Question 17

what are the complications of ureteral stents?

Answer 17

reobstruction- encrustation
dislodgement
pollakiuria/dysuria

Question 18

what are the complications of subcutaneous ureteral bypass?

Answer 18

obstruction/encrustation
leakage
kinking
persistent UTI

Question 19

are ectopic ureters more common in dogs or cats?

Answer 19

dogs

Question 20

what are the types of ectopic ureters?

Answer 20

intramural
extramural
double ureteral opening
ureteral trough

Question 21

what are the surgical options for intramural ectopic ureters?

Answer 21

cystoscopy guided laser ablation
neoureterostomy
ureteroneocystostomy (resection and reimplantation)

Question 22

what are the urinary bladder problems that would require surgery?

Answer 22

urocystoliths
urinary bladder rupture
urinary neoplasia

Question 23

what is the most common type of urocystolith in female dogs?

Answer 23

struvite

Question 24

do prophylactic antimicrobials impact culture results of samples collected during cystotomy for cystic calculi removal?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

how long do mucosal defects in the normal bladder take to heal?

Answer 25

5 days

Question 26

how long do full-thickness defects in the bladder take to regain 100% strength?

Answer 26

2-3 weeks

Question 27

how long is hematuria expected after a cystotomy?

Answer 27

3-5 days

Question 28

what is the most common cause of a uroabdomen?

Answer 28

urinary bladder rupture

Question 29

why is uroabdomen a medical emergency?

Answer 29

mild to severe azotemia, hyperkalemia dehydration acidosis collapse

Question 30

what is the penile urethra diameter in male cats?

Answer 30

0.7 mm

Question 31

what conditions are associated with the urethra?

Answer 31

urethral obstruction urethral tear urethral neoplasia

Question 32

why is urethral obstruction a medical emergency?

Answer 32

mild to severe azotemia, hyperkalemia: bradycardia dehydration acidosis collapse

Question 33

what are the complications of a urethrotomy?

Answer 33

stricture recurrent obstruction

Question 34

what are the complications of a scrotal urethrostomy?

Answer 34

dehiscence urine extravasation stricture persistent hemorrhage

Question 35

what factors are crucial for urethral healing?

Answer 35

preservation of mucosal continuity avoidance of urine extravasation

Question 36

in whom is urethral prolapse most common?

Answer 36

young male brachycephalic dogs

Question 37

what are the palliative options for a transitional cell carcinoma in the urethra?

Answer 37

urethral stent permanent cystotomy tube

Question 38

when does pyometra occur?

Answer 38

diestrus ~8 weeks after proestrus

Question 39

what is the treatment of choice for pyometra?

Answer 39

ovariohysterectomy

Question 40

what are the fetal causes for an emergency cesarean section?

Answer 40

relative or absolute fetal oversize fetal malpresentation fetal distress fetal death with putrefaction

Question 41

which breeds are predisposed to dystocia?

Answer 41

brachycephalic breeds scottish terriers

Question 42

is leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma benign or malignant?

Answer 42

benign

Question 43

what is an episioplasty?

Answer 43

resection of vulvar skin fold

Question 44

when do testicles descend in dogs?

Answer 44

30-40 days after birth

Question 45

why should you remove a cryptorchid testicle?

Answer 45

risk of testicular torsion risk of neoplastic transformation

Question 46

what percentage of animals have been reported to have multiple renal arteries?

Answer 46

10%

Question 47

who gets a nephrectomy due to neoplasia most commonly?

Answer 47

older male medium-to-large dogs

Question 48

how often in urinary tract ruptures does the urethra rupture?

Answer 48

25%

Question 49

what diagnostics should you run prior to a nephrectomy?

Answer 49

bloodwork- UA, chem, cbc imaging renal scintigraphy

Question 50

when is renal scintigraphy optional prior to a nephrectomy?

Answer 50

non-azotemic opposite kidney appears normal on AUS entire affected kidney structurally abnormal

Question 51

what is the most common location for ureteral obstruction?

Answer 51

proximal and middle ureter more than uretero-vesicular junction

Question 52

what are the complications with subcutaneous ureteral bypass?

Answer 52

obstruction/encrustation leakage kinking persistent UTI

Question 53

what is the likelihood of persistent incontinence following surgery for ectopic ureters?

Answer 53

50%

Question 54

in whom are intramural ectopic ureters common?

Answer 54

dogs

Question 55

in whom are extramural ectopic ureters common?

Answer 55

cats

Question 56

what catheterization is performed for cystotomy?

Answer 56

normograde and retrograde

Question 57

how can you diagnose transitional cell carcinoma?

Answer 57

BRAF mutation- PCR urine

Question 58

how much of the bladder wall can be removed if ureteral papillae are not involved?

Answer 58

up to 70%

Question 59

what is a common site in male dogs of urethral obstruction?

Answer 59

caudal end os penis

Question 60

what are the complications with scrotal urethrostomy?

Answer 60

dehiscence urine extravasation stricture persistent hemorrhage

Question 61

what can be seen on bloodwork with pyometra?

Answer 61

leucocytosis

Question 62

what maternal causes would indicate an emergency cesarean section?

Answer 62

primary or secondary uterine inertia failure of medical management of uterine inertia maternal pelvic canal causing obstruction uterine torsion, rupture, or herniation significant maternal illness