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A. Small Animal Medicine and Surgery > Approach to Cancer in Companion Animals > Flashcards

Approach to Cancer in Companion Animals Flashcards

1
Q

when does the risk of cancer peak in dogs and cats?

A

dogs: 7-12 years
cats: 8-14 years

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2
Q

what are the types of cancer treatment?

A

chemotherapy
targeted therapies
immunotherapy
radiation therapy
surgery

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3
Q

what is the critical first step in finding out an animal has cancer?

A

tumor diagnosis: oncologists require for referral

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4
Q

what information can aspiration cytology give?

A

no grade
maybe broad tumor type
can be non-diagnostic

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5
Q

what techniques can you use for aspiration with the needle off?

A

capillary core
fenestration technique

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6
Q

how should you review slides for diagnostic quality before submitting?

A

can only evaluate intact cells
cytoplasm must be complete and surround entire cell

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7
Q

what is cytology excellent for diagnosing?

A

round cell tumors

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8
Q

how are round cell tumors classified?

A

behavior for cytology

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9
Q

what does sarcoma mean?

A

mesenchymal tissue origin
favor hematogenous spread to lungs
spindle cell appearance

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10
Q

what does carcinoma mean?

A

epithelial cell origin
tightly adherent cells
favor spread to lymph nodes

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11
Q

what is useful about a tissue biopsy?

A

more likely to achieve a definitive diagnosis

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12
Q

what is grading based on?

A

histomorphology

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13
Q

what is mitotic count?

A

number of mitotic figures seen in 10 sequential fields
sometimes referred to as mitotic index

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14
Q

what leads to margin shrinkage?

A

in vivo: skin contraction
ex vivo: formalin

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15
Q

why is TNM (tumor, node, metastases) not really used in veterinary medicine?

A

animal cancers progress rapidly

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16
Q

what should you have in your medical record about a tumor?

A

tumor location
tumor size
tumor characteristics

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17
Q

what is CT scan used for?

A

complex structures such as head or neck
better resolution: find smaller metastases
critical for radiation planning

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18
Q

what is abdominal ultrasound useful for?

A

monitoring gastrointestinal lesions

19
Q

what is MRI used primarily for?

A

CNS or spinal lesions

20
Q

in what is chemotherapy the sole treatment?

A

systemic cancers: lymphoma/leukemia, multiple myeloma

21
Q

what is metronomic chemotherapy?

A

continuous administration of chemotherapy at a low dose
IV or oral

22
Q

what are the side effects of palladia (toceranib phosphate)?

A

GI side effects
hypertension and protein losing nephropathy

23
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies given with?

A

chemotherapy always

24
Q

what is surgery useful for?

A

local treatment for management of local disease

25
Q

is radiation therapy a local or systemic treatment?

A

local treatment

26
Q

what is a partial response to treatment?

A

> 30% reduction in tumor size

27
Q

what is the accepted standard of care for anal gland anal sac adenocarcinomas?

A

no accepted standard of care

28
Q

which breeds are predisposed to anal gland anal sac adenocarcinoma?

A

cavalier king charles spaniel
english cocker spaniel
german shepherd

29
Q

what is important about needle on aspirating?

A

active suction
risk for blood
solid tumors

30
Q

what is cytology excellent for?

A

diagnosing round cell tumors

31
Q

how specific can cytology be?

A

only broad classification for solid tumors: sarcoma or carcinoma

32
Q

what should you be careful of with tissue biopsy?

A

requires sedation or anesthesia
need to biopsy deep
avoid seeding
submit all samples

33
Q

should you stage prior to performing an excisional biopsy?

A

yes

34
Q

what is a risk with tissue biopsy?

A

risk for underestimating grade

35
Q

what is tumor grading specific to?

A

the tumor type

36
Q

what can mitotic count be an indirect indicator of?

A

growth

37
Q

what tissue dyes should you not use for margin evaluation?

A

red
orange

38
Q

can staging occur without knowledge of the tumor type?

A

yes

39
Q

presence of metastatic disease carries a ____________ prognosis for most tumor types

A

worse

40
Q

what is MRI used primarily for?

A

CNS or spinal lesions

41
Q

when is chemotherapy an adjuvant therapy?

A

in tumors known to have a high metastatic rate

42
Q

what is palladia (targeted therapy) used in?

A

mast cell tumors
neuroendocrine tumors
variety of metastatic carcinomas

43
Q

what is gilvetmab?

A

caninized monoclonal antibody that targets immune checkpoint
allows tumor to hide from immune system

A. Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (51 decks)

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