Gastrointestinal Disease: Diarrhea Flashcards
how can you use dietary management for small bowel diarrhea?
NPO first 6-12 hours
easily digestible, moderate fat restriction
how can you use dietary management for large bowel diarrhea?
high fiber
what drugs can you give for acute large bowel diarrhea?
treat parasites if needed
sulfasalazine
probiotics
antibiotics rarely
when is imaging of patients with acute diarrhea useful?
usually unrewarding unless other clinical signs or abnormal GI palpation
how are roundworms transmitted?
ingestion of eggs
transplacental
transmammary
how are hookworms transmitted?
fecal-oral
transplacental
transmammary
skin penetration
how are whipworms transmitted?
ingestion of eggs
how are coccidia transmitted?
ingestion of spores
how are tapeworms transmitted?
ingestion of intermediate host
how is giardia transmitted?
ingestion of cysts
how is feline tritrichomonas transmitted?
fecal-oral
what are the two syndromes of canine parvovirus?
hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
acute myocarditis
in which breeds is canine parvovirus more severe?
dobermans
rottweilers
pitbulls
what are the complications of canine parvovirus?
intussusception
sepsis
adynamic ileus
what is the pathophysiology of Clostridial perfringens?
enterotoxin produced by spore
what are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?
asymptomatic
acute enterocolitis
acute septicemia
chronic diarrhea
in who is AHDS/HGE common?
small breeds
young adults
what is seen on bloodwork with AHDS/HGE?
hemoconcentration: PCV>60%
inflammatory leukogram
in whom is granulomatous enteritis most common?
young frenchie, bulldog
who commonly has food responsive diarrhea?
younger dogs
milder signs
how can you treat granulomatous enteritis?
8 week course of fluoroquinolones
best based on culture and sensitivity
how can you diagnose exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
serum TLI after a 12 hour fast
how can you treat exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
pancreatic enzyme supplement
antibiotics for dysbiosis
parenteral vitamin B12
diet changes
what is the most common sign of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cats?
weight loss
what is inflammatory bowel disease?
idiopathic inflammatory disorder
how is inflammatory bowel disease characterized?
by predominant cell type on histology
what are the advantages of using an endoscope to get gastrointestinal biopsies?
multiple biopsies
noninvasive
what drugs can be used to treat inflammatory bowel disease?
immunomodulatory agents: corticosteroids, cyclosporine, mycophenolate
what is triaditis in cats?
inflammatory bowel disease with pancreatitis/cholangitis
what is protein losing enteropathy in dogs?
clinical syndrome that can accompany many small intestinal diseases
marked by panhypoproteinemia
what is the signalment of lymphosarcoma (large cell)?
middle age to older
most cats FeLV negative
what are the clinical signs of lymphosarcoma?
chronic vomiting/diarrhea
weight loss
gastrointestinal obstruction
extra-intestinal disease
what is obstipation?
unable to defecate
what are some functional obstructions?
neurologic dysfunction
electrolyte abnormalities
drugs
dehydration
what are the clinical signs of constipation/obstipation?
tenesmus
dyschezia
vomiting- cats
are there associated signs other than diarrhea with large bowel diarrhea?
no
what can cause acute small bowel diarrhea?
parasites: rounds, hook, coccidia, giardia
dietary indiscretion
toxins
drugs
infectious
acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome
what is the minimum database for acute self-limiting diarrhea?
direct fecal smear
fecal cytology
fecal flotation
+/- giardia elisa
+/- PCV, TS, iSTAT or NOVA
how can you use dietary management for large bowel acute diarrhea?
high fiber
what drugs can be given to treat acute small and large bowel diarrhea?
small: loperamide and bismuth subsalicylate
large: sulfasalazine
probiotics for both
what should you test cats for in life threatening acute diarrhea?
FeLV
FIV
what are the clinical signs of roundworms?
small bowel diarrhea
unthrifty
vomiting
what are public health concerns of roundworms and hookworms?
roundworms: visceral larval migrans
hookworms: cutaneous larval migrans
what are the clinical signs of hookworms?
anemia
small bowel diarrhea
what are the clinical signs of whipworms?
large bowel diarrhea
what are the clinical signs of coccidia?
subclinical
mild small or large bowel diarrhea in young animals
what are the clinical signs of tapeworms?
rarely pathogenic
anal pruritus
owner sees proglottids
is giardia zoonotic?
maybe
how can you treat for feline tritrichomonas?
ronidazole
what is seen on laboratory testing with canine parvovirus?
leukopenia
hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia
hypoalbuminemia
hypoglycemia
metabolic acidosis
what are the clinical signs of Clostridal perfringens?
large bowel, small bowel, or mixed
who is predisposed to salmonellosis?
“stressed”
raw diets
what is the pathophysiology of Campylobacteriosis?
enterotoxin
what can cause both large and small bowel chronic diarrhea?
parasites
food responsive
infectious
inflammatory bowel disease
neoplasia
what should you do for a dog with only chronic diarrhea (no other signs)?
therapeutic deworming
dietary trials
antibiotic trials
what is responsive to antibiotics for chronic diarrhea with no other signs?
dysbiosis
infectious diseases
what are the clinical signs of granulomatous enteritis in dogs?
chronic large to mixed bowel diarrhea
weight loss
which breeds are predisposed to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
german shepherd
rough coated collie
chows
what is the most common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cats?
chronic pancreatitis
how can you treat exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cats?
enzyme replacement
B12 injections
+/- antibiotics
for what would you need a biopsy to get a diagnosis for chronic diarrhea in a dog?
inflammatory bowel disease
large cell lymphoma
lymphangiectasia
infectious: fungal, granulomatous enteritis
what are the clinical signs of inflammatory bowel disease?
chronic vomiting and/or diarrhea
signs wax and wane
weight loss
peripheral edema or ascites
how long does an animal need to GI signs for for it to potentially have inflammatory bowel disease?
> 3 weeks
which breeds are predisposed to lymphangiectasia?
yorkies
soft coated wheaten terriers
what can be seen on imaging with lymphosarcoma/large cell?
GI mass
diffuse or multifocal thickening of intestine with loss of layering
associated lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
muscularis thickening- cats
what could cause a functional obstruction leading to constipation/obstipation?
neurologic dysfunction
electrolyte abnormalities
drugs
dehydration
