Surgical Diseases of the Nasal Cavity Flashcards
what are the main differential diagnoses for canine nasal cavity disease?
foreign body
mycotic rhinitis (Aspergillosis)
nasal sinus neoplasia
which biopsies can be collected for nasal disease?
paranasal/transnostral core biopsy
incisional biopsy
nasal flush
what should you measure prior to performing a paranasal/transnostral core biopsy?
to medial canthus of eye
distance to cribriform plate
in whom is a dorsal rhinotomy not well tolerated?
cats
what is done in a dorsal rhinotomy?
remove rectangular piece of bone
what is the most common cause of mycotic infection in dogs?
Aspergillus
also Penicillium
why must the cribriform be intact for topical clotrimazole?
CNS irritant: may cause seizures
what are the potential neoplasias?
carcinomas: 60-70%
sarcomas
rare: lymphoma
are nasal tumors more common in cats or dogs?
dogs- much more
what percentage of intranasal neoplasias are malignant?
> 90%
what are the clinical signs with neoplasia?
epistaxis and/or mucopurulent discharge
facial deformity
ocular signs
rare: CNS signs
what is the most rewarding way to biopsy an intranasal neoplasia?
transnostral core
what is the mean survival time of radiation without surgery for nasal neoplasia?
12+ months
what is the biggest problem with secondary cleft palate?
unable to suckle
when should surgery for secondary cleft palate be performed?
4+ months of age
may need multiple surgeries
what is a frequent cause of nasal discharge in cats?
virus
what would clinical signs present for months without progression indicate?
structural or inflammatory
what does a nasal foreign body cause?
unilateral
serosanguinous and then mucopurulent discharge (others usually mucopurulent)
should you expect improvement with antibiotics regardless of disease causation in nasal?
yes
is a nasal flush often unrewarding?
yes
is hemorrhage expected with dorsal rhinotomy?
yes: moderate to severe
what are the potential complications of a dorsal rhinotomy?
post-op hemorrhage
serosanguinous nasal discharge
subcutaneous emphysema
what is frequently necessary for nasal foreign body?
surgical exploration
what mycotic infection can be treated with oral antifungals?
Cryptococcus in cats
what sign is specific to Aspergillosis in dogs?
depigmentation- ulceration around nares
how can mycotic infection be diagnosed?
CT
frontal sinuscopy for fungal plaques
biopsy and histology: best
what is the preferred method to treat mycotic infection?
topical clotrimazole
85% success rate first time
via trephine in frontal sinus
when would a dorsal rhinotomy be indicated for mycotic infection?
non-responsive cases
remove all diseased
clotrimazole soaked sponges intra-op
what is the most common intranasal tumor?
adenocarcinoma
what are the most common intranasal neoplasias in cats?
lymphoma
then carcinomas
is there a breed disposition to intranasal neoplasias?
no
what would facial deformity indicate?
neoplasia most likely
poorer prognosis for neoplasia
how is intranasal neoplasia treated?
high energy radiation without surgery
complete excision with surgery impossible
who usually gets cleft palate?
dogs>cats
purebreds>mixed
females>males
what is primary cleft palate?
lip and premaxilla
what is secondary cleft palate?
hard and soft palates
what is the most common surgical technique for cleft palate (secondary)?
von lagenbeck/sliding bipedicle flaps
