Hydrocephalus

Question 1

what most often causes porencephaly?

Answer 1

intrauterine parvovirus infection

Question 2

where is CSF produced?

Answer 2

choroid plexus in lateral and third ventricle
choroid plexus in fourth ventricle
micro capillaries of subarachnoid space

Question 3

how often is the total CSF replaced?

Answer 3

3-5 times daily

Question 4

does increased intracranial pressure slow down CSF production?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

how is CSF flow achieved?

Answer 5

mainly pulsatile function of blood flow to brain and choroid plexus
ciliary function of ependymal cells may contribute

Question 6

what is the most important for cSF absorption?

Answer 6

arachnoid villi

Question 7

in what type of hydrocephalus is intracranial pressure increased?

Answer 7

obstructive

Question 8

what happens in compensatory hydrocephalus?

Answer 8

brain tissue is replaced by CSF
normal intracranial pressure

Question 9

what are the clinical signs of congenital hydrocephalus?

Answer 9

dome shaped head, open fontanelle
dullness, dementia, learning deficits
difficulty to train habits
bilateral ventro-lateral strabismus
head pressing
blindness
ataxia
seizures

Question 10

how old are dogs when they are usually diagnosed with congenital hydrocephalus?

Answer 10

3 months-1 year

Question 11

what can loss of brain tissue be due to in compensatory hydrocephalus?

Answer 11

global ischemia
stroke
encephalitis
degenerative brain condition
radiation therapy

Question 12

what is normal intracranial pressure?

Answer 12

8-13 mmHg

Question 13

what can you give to reduce CSF production?

Answer 13

mannitol
hypertonic saline
omeprazole
acetazolamide
prednisone

Question 14

how can you permanently control intracranial pressure?

Answer 14

ventriculo-peritoneal shunt

Question 15

what is hydrocephalus?

Answer 15

increased CSF volume in ventricular system
often increased ICP

Question 16

what causes the neurological deficits in hydrocephalus?

Answer 16

CSF accumulation
damage to nervous tissue structures

Question 17

what is ventriculomegalia?

Answer 17

enlarged ventricular systeem
no clinical signs, breed specific

Question 18

what is seen in hydranencephaly?

Answer 18

near total absence of cerebral neocortex and basal ganglia
no rim brain tissues between CSF accumulation and dura mater
asymmetrical remaining brain tissues

Question 19

what do intrauterine parvovirus infections cause?

Answer 19

hydranencephaly
porencephaly

Question 20

what is porencephaly?

Answer 20

cavities communicating with ventricles or subarachnoid space

Question 21

how is CSF produced?

Answer 21

ultra filtration
constant flow rate

Question 22

how is CSF absorbed?

Answer 22

arachnoid villi
cribriform plate
cranial nerves
nerve roots of front and hind legs

Question 23

in what type of hydrocephalus is brain herniation a concern?

Answer 23

obstructive

Question 24

what are the possible pathophysiologies to congenital hydrocephalus?

Answer 24

stenosis of mesencephalic aqueduct
malformation lateral ventricles
abnormally formed arachnoid villi
abnormal intrauterine development, delayed growth and patency of mesencephalic aqueduct

Question 25

what are the disadvantages of an intracranial shunt?

Answer 25

infection
hemorrhage

Question 26

where is the catheter in ventriculo-peritoneal shunt?

Answer 26

intra-ventricular

Question 27

what are the components of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt?

Answer 27

intra-ventricular catheter
pressure valve
abdominal catheter

Question 28

what are the three major groups hydrocephalus?

Answer 28

congenital
obstructive
compensatory