Upper Airway

Question 1

who is typically affected by lar par/GOLPP/LPN?

Answer 1

older, medium to large breed dogs
labrador retrievers: 70% of cases

Question 2

what does lar par/GOLPP/LPN look like clinically?

Answer 2

paralysis of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
slow, progressive pelvic limb weakness

Question 3

what does recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction impair?

Answer 3

arytenoid cartilage abduction

Question 4

what are the causes of recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction?

Answer 4

idiopathic
congenital
associated with diffuse neuromuscular disease
traumatic
iatrogenic
neoplastic

Question 5

should you place a dog with hyperthermia in ice water?

Answer 5

no: vasoconstriction, and core body temperature will continue to rise

Question 6

what is required for correct diagnosis of lar par/GOLPP/LPN?

Answer 6

thoracic radiographs

Question 7

what is breathing like with lar par?

Answer 7

paradoxic

Question 8

what is done in a tie-back?

Answer 8

muscular process of arytenoid cartilage is sutured to caudal border of cricoid cartilage

Question 9

what are the primary components of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome?

Answer 9

stenotic nares
elongated and thickened soft palate
hypoplastic trachea

Question 10

what is the most common component of the brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome?

Answer 10

elongated soft palate

Question 11

what are the surgical treatments of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome?

Answer 11

staphylectomy
widening nasal passages
laryngeal sacculectomy

Question 12

what are the landmarks for surgery on an elongated soft palate?

Answer 12

mid-tonsillar crypt

Question 13

what is tracheal collapse?

Answer 13

idiopathic loss of rigidity of tracheal cartilages

Question 14

how does the trachea collapse in tracheal collapse?

Answer 14

dorsoventral direction
cervical: on inspiration
thoracic: on expiration

Question 15

how long can you usually manage tracheal collapse before surgery?

Answer 15

2 years

Question 16

is lar par/geriatric-onset laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy/late-onset peripheral neuropathy demyelinating?

Answer 16

no
generalized loss of axons

Question 17

what are the causes of recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction?

Answer 17

idiopathic
congenital
associated with diffuse neuromuscular disease
traumatic
iatrogenic
neoplastic

Question 18

what do all rottweilers and leonbergers have?

Answer 18

rapidly progressive polyneuropathy

Question 19

when does congenital laryngeal paralysis show up?

Answer 19

3-7 months of age

Question 20

when do most develop clinical signs of lar par?

Answer 20

bilateral paralysis has developed

Question 21

why should you check the body temperature in inspiratory dyspnea?

Answer 21

heatstroke
hyperthermia-induced DIC
>106
presence of peripheral nRBCs: diagnostic and prognostic

Question 22

what does megaesophagus make more likely?

Answer 22

post-op aspiration pneumonia

Question 23

what do dogs have an increased risk of after getting arytenoid lateralization surgery?

Answer 23

aspiration pneumonia- for life

Question 24

where does the afferent/sensory branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve sense?

Answer 24

pharynx
esophagus
trachea

Question 25

what drugs should you avoid postop in arytenoid lateralization?

Answer 25

opioids

Question 26

what are the secondary components of the brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome?

Answer 26

everted laryngeal saccules
laryngeal collapse
regurgitation/esophagitis/aspiration pneumonia

Question 27

when should surgery be performed for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome?

Answer 27

early
heat/exercise intolerance
difficulty sleeping/sleep apnea
GI signs: chronic, frequent regurgitation (esophagitis, hiatal hernia)

Question 28

what can you use to minimize swelling for surgery to fix an elongated soft palate?

Answer 28

preoperative dexamethasone
cold saline gauze
mannitol gauze

Question 29

what should the tracheal diameter be?

Answer 29

20% of thoracic inlet
10% in english bulldogs

Question 30

what is the most accurate way to diagnose tracheal collapse?

Answer 30

tracheoscopy

Question 31

how can you medically manage tracheal collapse?

Answer 31

weight loss
cough suppression
bronchodilators
corticosteroids

Question 32

who are extraluminal ring prostheses for tracheal collapse better for?

Answer 32

young to middle aged
moderately affected
only cervical trachea