Unit 8 Lesson 4: The New South

Question 1

What did the freedmen’s bureau do to help African Americans

Answer 1

The Freedmen’s Bureau helped to settle African Americans on land that had been abandoned or confiscated during the war.

Question 2

How did president johnson react to the Freedmens Bureau

Answer 2

In 1865, however, President Johnson ordered that land that had been made available to formerly enslaved people be returned to white landowners.

Question 3

How did president johnson intervention to the Freedmens Bureau affect it

Answer 3

Ultimately, there was no redistribution of land to formerly enslaved people in the South.

Question 4

What did sharecroppers make little money

Answer 4

Store creditors charged high interest rates and demanded a large portion of a farmer’s harvest, in addition to the portion already owed to the landowner. A poor harvest could leave the sharecropper severely indebted, with debts carried over year after year. Those with large debts were prevented from moving on to better opportunities. Making financial progress was out of reach for most sharecroppers.

Question 5

Who were sharecroppers

Answer 5

Some landowners offered farmers work as sharecroppers. They could rent land for farming and pay the rent with the crops that were grown. Store owners agreed to provide farm implements, food, and other necessities to them under a crop-lien system, an agreement that farmers would pay back a portion of their future harvest.

Question 6

Why were sharecropping and crop-lien systems detrimental to African American farmers?

Answer 6

Sharecropping and purchasing farm equipment on credit was financially risky because there was no assurance of a good harvest. Even with a good harvest, sharecroppers had to pay high interest rates to store owners and large portions of the harvest to landowners.

Question 7

Why was economic independence an important part of the emancipation of formerly enslaved people?

Answer 7

Being severely indebted to landowners and store owners was similar to slavery because debtors had no freedom to move on to better opportunities. Without a means of support, former slaves were facing hunger, and many were forced to accept unfair sharecropping and crop-lien systems.

Question 8

What is the crop-lien system

Answer 8

an agreement that farmers would pay back a portion of their future harvest.

Question 9

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 9

made slavery illegal

Question 10

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 10

defined citizenship and granted equal protection under the law to all citizens

Question 11

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 11

gave the right to vote to black men

Question 12

How did African Americans reaact to the new amdendemtns

Answer 12

African Americans quickly embraced their citizenship rights and responsibilities. They served in elected public office and held government jobs. Voters in the South elected two African American U.S. senators and fourteen members of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Question 12

How did congress react to the black codes

Answer 12

In response, Congress added the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution to ensure that black people would receive equal protection under the law.

Question 13

How did the South react to the Amendements

Answer 13

White Southerners created black codes to strip former slaves of their rights.

Question 14

What did congress do when sounthern states refused to ratify the 14th amendemnt

Answer 14

When southern states refused to ratify the amendment, Radical Republicans established military rule in the South

Question 15

Who were radical republicans

Answer 15

Radical Republicans were members of the Republican Party who wanted to punish the southern states after the war. They also worked to ensure the civil rights of former slaves.

Question 16

How did Southeren states feel about the intervention of Radical Republicans

Answer 16

Southern states resented the intervention of Radical Republicans and gradually began to regain political power by terrorizing African Americans to keep them from voting or holding public office.

Question 17

Which places did Reconstruction Republican governments have power in 1876

Answer 17

Reconstruction Republican governments were still in power in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina in 1876.

Question 18

What problem arose from the presidntial debate of 1876

Answer 18

That year, the results of the presidential election between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden were disputed in those three southern states. As a result of the disputed election, the House of Representatives established a special electoral commission to determine which candidate had won.

Question 19

What deal did the REpublican party leaders offer Southern demosrats. What was the compromise of 1877

Answer 19

If the commission found in favor of a Hayes victory in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, Hayes would order the withdrawal of the remaining U.S. troops from those states. This agreement became known as the Compromise of 1877.

Question 20

What woumd the comprmoise of 1877 do to outhern democrats

Answer 20

It would permit Southern Democrats to regain control of their states.

Question 21

What happened once Hayes was elected

Answer 21

Once Hayes was elected, federal troops were removed from the remaining southern states, and Radical Republican governments there collapsed.

Question 22

How did democrats react to the compromsie of 1877

Answer 22

Democrats were largely satisfied to end Reconstruction and maintain home rule in the South.

Question 23

How did African Americans see the Compromise of 1877

Answer 23

The Compromise of 1877 was unpopular among the voting electorate, especially among African Americans, who referred to it as the Great Betrayal. What little civil rights protections Reconstruction governments had offered freedmen in the South were gone. The rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments would not be realized for African American citizens in the South for another 90 years.

Question 24

What were the three main effects of the Compromise of 1877?

Answer 24

• Rutherford B. Hayes became president.
• Federal troops were withdrawn from the South.
• African Americans lost protection from Reconstruction governments and their civil rights were violated.

Question 25

What did Southern deomcrats do to African Americasn after REconstruction rule left

Answer 25

During Reconstruction, white Democrats used intimidation and violence to keep freedmen from voting. Once Radical Republican governments were dismantled in the South, Southern Democrats disenfranchised African Americans with a series of discriminatory laws.

Question 26

They prevented black citizens in the South from voting, effectively removing them from the political process. What was this part of, what law

Answer 26

The voting restrictions were part of the Jim Crow laws enacted in the South after Reconstruction

Question 27

What were Jim Crow Laws used for

Answer 27

. These laws were used as a way to circumvent the Reconstruction Amendments and fell into three categories

Question 28

These laws were used as a way to circumvent the Reconstruction Amendments and fell into three categories:

Answer 28

• poll taxes: charging a fee to vote
• literacy tests: making literacy a requirement for voting
• grandfather clause: excusing certain people from the literacy test

Question 29

What is a poll tax, what was the putrpose

Answer 29

A **poll tax **was one means by which black voters were kept from voting. Anyone who wanted to vote had to pay a sum of money that many poor sharecroppers could not afford.

Question 30

What was a purpose of a literacy test

Answer 30

. Passing a literacy test was also a requirement of voting in the South. Because many slaveholders had forbidden their slaves from learning to read, many freed African American citizens were illiterate, and this test barred them from voting.

Question 30

Why was the grandfather clause added

Answer 30

Of course, many poor white people in the South were illiterate, too, so a grandfather clause was added to literacy test laws

Question 30

What did the grandfather clause state

Answer 30

This clause excused a voter from the literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867—three years before the Fifteenth Amendment had granted the right to vote to black men.

Question 31

Why do you think white Southerners fought so hard to deny African Americans the right to vote?

Answer 31

The African American population in the South was quite large, and when they voted together, they could gain political power and bring about changes in the South that white people did not like.

Question 31

What impact do Jim Crow laws have today

Answer 31

While these laws are no longer enforced, many contemporary activists have pointed out that modern laws still retain the economic and societal impacts of Jim Crow laws.

Question 32

What were jim crow laws

Answer 32

Jim Crow laws were state laws passed in the late 1800s that enforced segregation and discrimination against African Americans.

Question 33

Institution of Slavery in the U.S. (1619–1865)

Answer 33

Jim Crow laws were rooted in the system of slavery. Enslaved African Americans in the U.S. labored on farms that grew cash crops. The economy of the South was particularly dependent upon this labor.

Question 34

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 34

Homer Plessy challenged segregated train cars, and the case was settled by the Supreme Court. The court ruled against Plessy, and the doctrine of separate but equal was established.

Question 35

Jim Crow Segregation (1865–1954)

Answer 35

State governments were allowed to segregate citizens on the basis of race.

Question 36

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

Answer 36

The unanimous Supreme Court decision that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional reversed Plessy v. Ferguson.

Question 37

Why were federal troops sent to the South during Reconstruction?

Answer 37

Federal troops were sent as part of the Reconstruction Act of 1867. They were there to make sure that Reconstruction policies, including the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, were enforced in the South.

Question 38

What impact did the Compromise of 1877 have on civil rights for African Americans in the South?

Answer 38

The Compromise of 1877 brought about the collapse of Reconstruction governments in the South. With Southern Democrats in full control of the South and undermining the voting rights of black men, the rights afforded to them by the Reconstruction Amendments were quickly lost.

Question 39

Why were African Americans suffering so much

Answer 39

Without any political or economic power, African Americans were vulnerable to the hostilities of white Southerners. Because they could not vote, they could not serve on juries, which meant they had little if any legal recourse.

Question 40

What amendment did jim crow law violate

Answer 40

Jim Crow laws violated the Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibited states from denying benefits of citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans.

Question 41

What jim crow law did Louisian pass in 1980 about transportation

Answer 41

In 1890, Louisiana passed a Jim Crow law that required black and white passengers to travel in separate railroad cars.

Question 42

How did some African American people react to the transortaion jim crow passed by Lousiana

Answer 42

A group of African American civic leaders in New Orleans decided to test the constitutionality of this law.

Question 43

What did Homer Plessy do

Answer 43

Homer Plessy, a shoemaker who was one-eighths black, sat in a train car reserved for white passengers. When he refused to move, he was arrested and convicted.

Question 44

What courts did the case of Plessy v. Ferguson go trough

Answer 44

The case of Plessy v. Ferguson moved through the courts until it reached the Supreme Court in 1896.

Question 45

What was the result of the case of Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 45

The Court ruled against Plessy, saying that separate accommodations were acceptable as long as they were equal.

Question 46

What did Justice John Marshall Harlan

Answer 46

The one dissenting voice in the ruling was Justice John Marshall Harlan. He anticipated the consequences of legalized segregation.

Question 47

What did the Plessy v. Ferguson end result

Answer 47

Plessy v. Ferguson established the doctrine of separate but equal and legitimized segregation.

Question 48

White schools vs black schools; were the equal?

Answer 48

In practice, the separate facilities and services for African Americans were almost always inferior. Children in white schools had much better facilities, newer books, larger libraries, and more learning opportunities. The discriminatory practices of Jim Crow were not outlawed until the 1960s.

Question 49

The Southern Democrats who agreed to the Compromise of 1877 requested the following in exchange for a Hayes presidency:

Answer 49

• appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to President Hayes’s cabinet
• construction of another transcontinental railroad through the South
• legislation for industrialization in the South to help with economic recovery

Question 50

Results of the agreements Southern Deomcrats made during the Compromise of 1877

Answer 50

New industries developed in the South after the war. Textile factories, lumber production, and coal-, iron-, and steel-processing brought some economic growth. Southern rail lines expanded to join rural and urban areas and to connect southern cities. Only two lines connected southern and northern cities, however.

Question 51

The Southern Democrats who agreed to the Compromise of 1877 requested the following in exchange for a Hayes presidency. Did this really help to South out

Answer 51

Despite these efforts, the South remained mostly rural, poor, and economically dependent

Question 52

What prevented immigrants from going to the South

Answer 52

Jim Crow laws and racial violence prevented immigrants from settling in the South.

Question 53

How did crops make south econmy slow

Answer 53

While there were efforts to diversify crops grown, the agricultural economy in the South was still almost entirely dependent on cotton, now grown by indebted sharecroppers. Under these conditions, the South’s economy was slow to recover.

Question 54

How did Jim Crow laws impact economic recovery in the South?

Answer 54

The laws slowed economic recovery from the Civil War. European immigrants and other people in the North feared racial violence in the South. States had a hard time bringing in new industries because people did not want to move to the South.

Question 55

Who was Booker T. Washington

Answer 55

Booker T. Washington was born a slave in 1856, nine years before the end of the Civil War in 1865. After moving to West Virginia with his family and working in a salt mine, he began his education.

Question 56

What school did Booker T Washington go to and which school did his principal recommded him to

Answer 56

Washington attended Hampton Agricultural Institute in Virginia. The principal there became Washington’s mentor and later recommended him to lead the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1888.

Question 57

What influenced Washingtons philosophy

Answer 57

Washington’s philosophy for the social and economic progress of African Americans was affected by his own education and by his goals for Tuskegee students.

Question 58

What did Tuskwgee students learn

Answer 58

At Tuskegee, students received a practical education in industrial skills. They learned about farming, carpentry, brickmaking, and other types of skilled labor

Question 59

How did Washington think African Americans wouldg ain equality and political rights

Answer 59

Washington believed that when African Americans progressed economically, they would gain the respect of white people. This, Washington said, was the way to slowly gain equality and political rights.

Question 60

What did Washington think Arican Americans should focous on

Answer 60

Washington urged them to accept segregation and focus on economic advancement. He did not believe that African Americans should protest discriminatory practices. Instead, he advised African Americans to work hard and prove themselves to be loyal American citizens.

Question 61

What are the three ways that Booker T. Washington says that Abraham Lincoln still lives?

Answer 61

According to Washington, Lincoln lives on in the lives of all former slaves who are building new lives for themselves. Lincoln also lives in the people who continue to work, year after year, in making their lives better. Lincoln lives because his Emancipation Proclamation ensured freedom of the body and freedom of the soul. Lastly, Washington explains that Lincoln had the courage not to hate people who did not agree with him.

Question 62

According to Washington, what can one find in countries where freedom exists and where slavery exists?

Answer 62

Washington explains that slavery exists in places where people think that it’s good for some people if others are at a disadvantage. Freedom exists where people believe that “the happiness of all people is dependent upon the happiness of the weakest.”

Question 63

What did Washington say durnig his speech about Lincoln

Answer 63

In his speech about Abraham Lincoln, Washington claims that white and black Americans should honor the memory of Abraham Lincoln. Ways of honoring him include working hard to educate themselves, improving their lives, and helping each other.

Question 64

What evidence can you find to support the claim that Washington offers a weak criticism of Jim Crow laws?

Answer 64

Washington suggests that different races having a “separate social life” is acceptable. Rather than describing the moral wrong of Jim Crow laws, he explains that hating people of another race is harmful for white people. Washington writes, “One man cannot hold another man down in the ditch without remaining down in the ditch with him. One who goes through life with his eyes closed against all that is good in another race is weakened.”

Question 65

How many African Americans died from lynchings throughout 1865 and 1900

Answer 65

According to researchers at the Tuskegee Institute, 3,500 racially motivated lynchings and other murders were committed in the South between 1865 and 1900. Lynchings were much feared by the African American community.

Question 66

What unjustiesses did black men face in the South

Answer 66

Black men accused of a crime often received no trial. Instead, lynch mobs enacted their own versions of justice. White mobs murdered black men, usually by hanging, and went unpunished. African Americans could not depend on the legal system to protect them.

Question 67

Where did most African Americans migrate

Answer 67

. Those who hoped to escape the dangers and indignities of the South migrated to other parts of the United States. While some moved west, most traveled to the northeast and upper Midwest.

Question 68

What was a pull factor of the migration of African Americans

Answer 68

e South, African Americans were also pulled to the cities by job opportunities. There they could earn a wage rather than be tied to a landlord.

Question 69

Where did majoirty of Africans Americans work

Answer 69

More than 80 percent of African American men worked menial jobs in steel mills, mines, construction, and meatpacking.

Question 70

What other jobs did Africna American men have

Answer 70

In the railroad industry, they were often employed as porters or servants. In other businesses, they worked as janitors, waiters, or cooks.

Question 71

Job opprutintes for African American women

Answer 71

African American women found a few job opportunities in the garment industry or at laundries, but were more often employed as maids and domestic servants.

Question 72

Econmic benfits of the North

Answer 72

African Americans earned higher wages in the North than they did for the same occupations in the South, and housing was typically more available.

Question 73

Econmic disadvatages of the North

Answer 73

However, these economic gains were offset by higher costs of living in the North, especially in terms of rent, food costs, and other essentials.

Question 74

Where did most African Americans live in the North due to the high costs of living

Answer 74

As a result, African Americans often found themselves living in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions, much like the tenement slums in which European immigrants lived in the cities.

Question 75

Why could Life in urban centers could be very difficult for migrants from the South?

Answer 75

. Racism and a lack of formal education relegated African American workers to lower-paying unskilled or semi-skilled occupations.

Question 76

Why didnt European immigrants like African Americans

Answer 76

European immigrants, also seeking a better life in the cities of the United States, resented the arrival of African Americans. They feared that African Americans would compete for the same jobs or offer to work at lower wages.

Question 77

How did most landlords treat African Americans

Answer 77

Landlords frequently discriminated against African Americans, and as more people moved to the cities, housing became more scarce, which led to even more overcrowded tenements.

Question 78

So why move to the North? If African Americans faced racism and economic difficulties in the North, were they really better off there than in the South?

Answer 78

The answer lies in noneconomic gains. In the North, African Americans had more personal freedom and greater educational opportunities. State legislatures and local school districts allocated more funds for the education of both black and white people in the North. In large urban areas, African Americans could be relatively anonymous. They had freedom to move, work, and speak without deferring to every white person with whom they crossed paths. Psychologically, these gains more than offset the continued economic challenges that black migrants faced.

Question 79

Was life for African Americans better in the South or the North? Explain your answer.

Answer 79

There was discrimination in the North, but in the South, segregation was legal and African Americans could not vote to make laws more fair. Jim Crow laws and racial violence made life in the South unbearable for some African Americans.