Unit 14 Lesson 4: Wilson and Peace Flashcards
What is the principle of self-determination
The principle of self-determination states that nations should be afforded the right to determine how they wish to be governed.
In January 1918, President Wilson announced his postwar peace plan in a speech to Congress. His speech, which reached audiences worldwide, introduced a list of
Fourteen Points for international peace.
What were the 14 points about
The Fourteen Points addressed what Wilson perceived to be the causes of World War I and included proposals to ensure world peace in the future. Wilson hoped to gain the support of the Allies and bring the war to an end.
What was Wilson’s aim with the 14 points
Wilson’s aim was to encourage open and honest diplomacy among nations. He wanted to reduce economic barriers and promote free trade so nations could forge strong relationships and prosper.
What was one of Wilson’s points the refered to the sea
One of Wilson’s points was that nations should have free navigation of the seas. Naval power was a divisive issue during the war.
In the 14 points, how did Wilson feel about disarmament
: Wilson also stated that disarmament was essential to securing global safety. He wanted to eliminate the threats of arms races and new ways of warfare
In the 14 points how did wilson feel about the terrtiies that were invaded
He advocated that territories that were invaded during the war should be returned to their native populations. In areas where borders were contentious, negotiations should occur.
In the 14 points how did Wilson feel about a league of nations
: He strongly believed that a cooperative League of Nations would unite and protect participating countries and help move toward global peace.
: Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not appeal to everyone. How did some nations feel
. Some nations wanted to claim territory as a victory prize, demanded retribution, or expressed concerns that the Points were one-sided.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not appeal to everyone. How did Americans feel
: Many Americans also disapproved of Wilson’s plan. Some saw a coalition of nations as an avenue to more war. But Wilson hoped that uniting nations would prevent conflict, not create it.
World War I was a war of attrition, what does that mean
World War I was a war of attrition, which means it used the strategy of wearing down the enemy through continuous losses of personnel and material.
When did American troops first arrive in Europe
American troops first arrived in Europe in June 1917
when did the Battle of Cantigny take place and what was Ameria first offenvie in the war?
The Battle of Cantigny, which took place in May 1918, was the first American offensive in the war.
In the Battle of Cantigny what convived the French that the Americans could fight
American troops overran the German headquarters in the French village of Cantigny. This convinced the French commanders that American soldiers could fight.
How did the Battle of Cantgny go
In summer 1918, in a series of battles along the Western Front, the American Expeditionary Forces fought alongside the British and French armies to stop the advancing Germans.
When did the Second Battle of the Marne take place
. In the Second Battle of the Marne, which occurred from July to August of 1918
What happened in the Second Battle of the Marne
American, British, and French troops staged a massive counterattack to stop the advancing German army.
What is the importance of the Second Battle of the Marne
The Second Battle of the Marne marked a turning point in the war as the Allies emerged with the upper hand.
What was the final Allied offensive
The final Allied offensive, known as the Hundred Days’ Offensive
What did the Hundred Days’ Offensive invole
s the Hundred Days’ Offensive, involved several months of coordinated attacks from August to November of 1918 that brought the war to an end.
In the Hundred Days’ Offensive, what is the battle callled; The series of decisive battles that took place from September to November are collectively referred to as the
Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
What happened during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive
During this period, U.S. troops fought alongside French troops to breach the Hindenburg Line, or the last line of German defenses on the Western Front.
In the Hundred Days’ Offensive, what is the battle callled; The fighting culminated in the massive, deadly
Battle of Argonne Forest
What happened in the Battle of Argonne Forest
Battle of Argonne Forest in which the Allies successfully captured key German defenses and emerged as the clear victor.
In Battle of Argonne Forest what role did U.S. Army Sergeant Alvin C. York have
U.S. Army Sergeant Alvin C. York received numerous military honors for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest during the battle.
On November 9, 1918, the German military reported to German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II that the situation was desperate. What did this lead to? When did Gremany and the Allies delcare a armistice?
On November 11, 1918, Germany and the Allies declared an armistice, or truce, that brought the fighting to a stop and signaled the beginning of the peace process.
How did President Wilson’s Fourteen Points influence Germany’s readiness to declare the armistice
Germany’s readiness to declare the armistice has been attributed partially to the peace terms outlined in President Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
How amny American soliders were killed and injured by the end of the war
By the end of the war, around 117,000 American soldiers had been killed and 206,000 wounded.
How much did the war cost US alone
The total cost of the war to the United States alone was in excess of $32 billion. Interest expenses and veterans’ benefits eventually brought the cost to well over $100 billion.
President Wilson’s Fourteen Points became the basis for
peace negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference
When did the Paris Peace Conference take place
Paris Peace Conference, which began in December 1918.
How long did Wilson stay in Paris and why
Wilson resided in Paris for six months to personally conduct peace negotiations at the conference.
The outcome of the Paris Peace Conference included the
Treaty of Versailles
Waht is the Treaty of Versailles
the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement among nations to officially conclude World War I.
What did the Treaty of Versailles outline
Among other things, the treaty outlined the creation of a League of Nations to promote peace and preserve territorial integrity through open discussions.
How did the leaders’ goals from Great Britain, France, and Italy differ from President Wilson’s goals?
Great Britain, France, and Italy wanted Germany to pay reparations, or money meant to make amends, for its role in the war and hoped to secure themselves against any future conflict with Germany. They also aimed to maintain or even strengthen their own colonial possessions. Wilson, in contrast, was focused on repairing the relationships between nations. He discouraged the possession of colonies or territories and advocated for nations to be given the freedom to govern themselves.
To what extent did Wilson’s Fourteen Points influence the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference?
While most of the Treaty of Versailles resembled little of Wilson’s original peace plan, Article X of the treaty outlined the creation of a League of Nations, reflecting one of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
The Treaty of Versailles, like all
treaties, required approval from
two-thirds of the U.S. Senate for final ratification.
Before Wilson returned from the Paris
Peace Conference, Which Senator issued a long list of concerns about the Treaty of Versailles.
Senator Henry Cabot
Where most of Lodge’s concerns for the treaty of versailles
Most of Lodge’s concerns centered on Article X
What was Article 5 of the treaty of versailles
Article X, which outlined terms for the League of Nations.
Why did Lodge not like the Article X
Lodge feared that Article X
would drag the United States
unnecessarily into international disputes
because more countries would seek its
assistance in controversial affairs.
When was the Treaty of Versailles offically considered in the US senate
The Treaty of Versailles was officially
considered in the U.S. Senate in July
1919
How did the senate feel about the Treaty of Versailles
Most Senate Democrats supported
the treaty, but Senate Republicans were
divided
How did senate republicans feel about Article X
Many Senate Republicans shared
Lodge’s concerns about Article X.
what are Irreconcilables
Some
Senate Republicans, known as
Irreconcilables, opposed the treaty on
all grounds
What are Reservationists
Reservationists, would support the
treaty if sufficient amendments were
introduced to eliminate Article X.
How did the American public feel about the Treaty of Versailles
American public opinion mirrored the
Senate; there were mixed reactions on
Article X of the Treaty of Versailles.
How did isolationists feel about the Treaty of Versailles
Isolationists, or those who generally
oppose government intervention in
world issues, were against Article X.
How did interventionists feel about the Treaty of Versailles
Many interventionists, or those who
generally approve of government
involvement in foreign affairs, supported
the treaty and the League of Nations.
In an effort to gain public support for the
treaty what did president wilson do
In an effort to gain public support for the
treaty, President Wilson embarked on a
cross-country railway speaking tour in
September 1919.
What was Wilsons helath like duing the cross-country railway
Wilson’s health was suffering. He’d
had a series of strokes before his
election. Against his doctors’ wishes, he
went on the speaking tour. He hoped to
gain the public’s support, which could
help pressure the Senate to ratify the
treaty.
The grueling pace of the tour, in
combination with the months he had
spent in Paris, caused Wilson to collapse
from exhaustion. After cutting his tour
short and returning to Washington, D.C.
Wilson suffered a near-fatal stroke that
left him temporarily incapacitated.
Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge issue a list of concerns about the Treaty of Versailles?
Lodge feared that Article X would drag the United States into international disputes because more countries would seek its assistance in controversial affairs.
What did the Irreconcilables and the Reservationists in the U.S. Senate think about the Treaty of Versailles?
Irreconcilables opposed the treaty on all grounds, whereas Reservationists would support the treaty if sufficient amendments were introduced to eliminate Article X.
How did the American public react to the Treaty of Versailles?
The American public’s response to the treaty was mixed. Most isolationists were against Article X, while many interventionists supported it.
When did congrss formally vote on the Treaty of Versailles and what was the outcome
In November 1919, Congress formally voted on and rejected, the originally worded Treaty of Versailles.
Why did US never officailaly sign the Treaty of Versailles
When the treaty was later reintroduced with “reservations,” or amendments, it again fell short of the necessary margin for ratification.
What was the result of US not singing the Treaty of Versallies
Nor did the country join the League of Nations. Due to its rejection of the treaty, the United States technically remained at war with Germany until July 1921.
What was the Knox-Porter Resolution
. Due to its rejection of the treaty, the United States technically remained at war with Germany until July 1921. when it formally came to a close with Congress’s passage of the Knox-Porter Resolution.
Why did Woodrow Wilson recive the Nobel Peace PRize in 1919
Woodrow Wilson received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 for his efforts to end World War I and achieve lasting international peace.
