Unit 14 Lesson 4: Wilson and Peace

Question 1

What is the principle of self-determination

Answer 1

The principle of self-determination states that nations should be afforded the right to determine how they wish to be governed.

Question 2

In January 1918, President Wilson announced his postwar peace plan in a speech to Congress. His speech, which reached audiences worldwide, introduced a list of

Answer 2

Fourteen Points for international peace.

Question 3

What were the 14 points about

Answer 3

The Fourteen Points addressed what Wilson perceived to be the causes of World War I and included proposals to ensure world peace in the future. Wilson hoped to gain the support of the Allies and bring the war to an end.

Question 4

What was Wilson’s aim with the 14 points

Answer 4

Wilson’s aim was to encourage open and honest diplomacy among nations. He wanted to reduce economic barriers and promote free trade so nations could forge strong relationships and prosper.

Question 5

What was one of Wilson’s points the refered to the sea

Answer 5

One of Wilson’s points was that nations should have free navigation of the seas. Naval power was a divisive issue during the war.

Question 6

In the 14 points, how did Wilson feel about disarmament

Answer 6

: Wilson also stated that disarmament was essential to securing global safety. He wanted to eliminate the threats of arms races and new ways of warfare

Question 7

In the 14 points how did wilson feel about the terrtiies that were invaded

Answer 7

He advocated that territories that were invaded during the war should be returned to their native populations. In areas where borders were contentious, negotiations should occur.

Question 8

In the 14 points how did Wilson feel about a league of nations

Answer 8

: He strongly believed that a cooperative League of Nations would unite and protect participating countries and help move toward global peace.

Question 9

: Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not appeal to everyone. How did some nations feel

Answer 9

. Some nations wanted to claim territory as a victory prize, demanded retribution, or expressed concerns that the Points were one-sided.

Question 10

Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not appeal to everyone. How did Americans feel

Answer 10

: Many Americans also disapproved of Wilson’s plan. Some saw a coalition of nations as an avenue to more war. But Wilson hoped that uniting nations would prevent conflict, not create it.

Question 11

World War I was a war of attrition, what does that mean

Answer 11

World War I was a war of attrition, which means it used the strategy of wearing down the enemy through continuous losses of personnel and material.

Question 12

When did American troops first arrive in Europe

Answer 12

American troops first arrived in Europe in June 1917

Question 13

when did the Battle of Cantigny take place and what was Ameria first offenvie in the war?

Answer 13

The Battle of Cantigny, which took place in May 1918, was the first American offensive in the war.

Question 14

In the Battle of Cantigny what convived the French that the Americans could fight

Answer 14

American troops overran the German headquarters in the French village of Cantigny. This convinced the French commanders that American soldiers could fight.

Question 15

How did the Battle of Cantgny go

Answer 15

In summer 1918, in a series of battles along the Western Front, the American Expeditionary Forces fought alongside the British and French armies to stop the advancing Germans.

Question 16

When did the Second Battle of the Marne take place

Answer 16

. In the Second Battle of the Marne, which occurred from July to August of 1918

Question 17

What happened in the Second Battle of the Marne

Answer 17

American, British, and French troops staged a massive counterattack to stop the advancing German army.

Question 18

What is the importance of the Second Battle of the Marne

Answer 18

The Second Battle of the Marne marked a turning point in the war as the Allies emerged with the upper hand.

Question 19

What was the final Allied offensive

Answer 19

The final Allied offensive, known as the Hundred Days’ Offensive

Question 20

What did the Hundred Days’ Offensive invole

Answer 20

s the Hundred Days’ Offensive, involved several months of coordinated attacks from August to November of 1918 that brought the war to an end.

Question 21

In the Hundred Days’ Offensive, what is the battle callled; The series of decisive battles that took place from September to November are collectively referred to as the

Answer 21

Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Question 22

What happened during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive

Answer 22

During this period, U.S. troops fought alongside French troops to breach the Hindenburg Line, or the last line of German defenses on the Western Front.

Question 22

In the Hundred Days’ Offensive, what is the battle callled; The fighting culminated in the massive, deadly

Answer 22

Battle of Argonne Forest

Question 23

What happened in the Battle of Argonne Forest

Answer 23

Battle of Argonne Forest in which the Allies successfully captured key German defenses and emerged as the clear victor.

Question 24

In Battle of Argonne Forest what role did U.S. Army Sergeant Alvin C. York have

Answer 24

U.S. Army Sergeant Alvin C. York received numerous military honors for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest during the battle.

Question 25

On November 9, 1918, the German military reported to German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II that the situation was desperate. What did this lead to? When did Gremany and the Allies delcare a armistice?

Answer 25

On November 11, 1918, Germany and the Allies declared an armistice, or truce, that brought the fighting to a stop and signaled the beginning of the peace process.

Question 26

How did President Wilson’s Fourteen Points influence Germany’s readiness to declare the armistice

Answer 26

Germany’s readiness to declare the armistice has been attributed partially to the peace terms outlined in President Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

Question 27

How amny American soliders were killed and injured by the end of the war

Answer 27

By the end of the war, around 117,000 American soldiers had been killed and 206,000 wounded.

Question 28

How much did the war cost US alone

Answer 28

The total cost of the war to the United States alone was in excess of $32 billion. Interest expenses and veterans’ benefits eventually brought the cost to well over $100 billion.

Question 29

President Wilson’s Fourteen Points became the basis for

Answer 29

peace negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference

Question 30

When did the Paris Peace Conference take place

Answer 30

Paris Peace Conference, which began in December 1918.

Question 31

How long did Wilson stay in Paris and why

Answer 31

Wilson resided in Paris for six months to personally conduct peace negotiations at the conference.

Question 32

The outcome of the Paris Peace Conference included the

Answer 32

Treaty of Versailles

Question 33

Waht is the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 33

the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement among nations to officially conclude World War I.

Question 34

What did the Treaty of Versailles outline

Answer 34

Among other things, the treaty outlined the creation of a League of Nations to promote peace and preserve territorial integrity through open discussions.

Question 35

How did the leaders’ goals from Great Britain, France, and Italy differ from President Wilson’s goals?

Answer 35

Great Britain, France, and Italy wanted Germany to pay reparations, or money meant to make amends, for its role in the war and hoped to secure themselves against any future conflict with Germany. They also aimed to maintain or even strengthen their own colonial possessions. Wilson, in contrast, was focused on repairing the relationships between nations. He discouraged the possession of colonies or territories and advocated for nations to be given the freedom to govern themselves.

Question 36

To what extent did Wilson’s Fourteen Points influence the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference?

Answer 36

While most of the Treaty of Versailles resembled little of Wilson’s original peace plan, Article X of the treaty outlined the creation of a League of Nations, reflecting one of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

Question 37

The Treaty of Versailles, like all
treaties, required approval from

Answer 37

two-thirds of the U.S. Senate for final ratification.

Question 38

Before Wilson returned from the Paris
Peace Conference, Which Senator issued a long list of concerns about the Treaty of Versailles.

Answer 38

Senator Henry Cabot

Question 39

Where most of Lodge’s concerns for the treaty of versailles

Answer 39

Most of Lodge’s concerns centered on Article X

Question 40

What was Article 5 of the treaty of versailles

Answer 40

Article X, which outlined terms for the League of Nations.

Question 41

Why did Lodge not like the Article X

Answer 41

Lodge feared that Article X
would drag the United States
unnecessarily into international disputes
because more countries would seek its
assistance in controversial affairs.

Question 42

When was the Treaty of Versailles offically considered in the US senate

Answer 42

The Treaty of Versailles was officially
considered in the U.S. Senate in July
1919

Question 43

How did the senate feel about the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 43

Most Senate Democrats supported
the treaty, but Senate Republicans were
divided

Question 44

How did senate republicans feel about Article X

Answer 44

Many Senate Republicans shared
Lodge’s concerns about Article X.

Question 45

what are Irreconcilables

Answer 45

Some
Senate Republicans, known as
Irreconcilables, opposed the treaty on
all grounds

Question 46

What are Reservationists

Answer 46

Reservationists, would support the
treaty if sufficient amendments were
introduced to eliminate Article X.

Question 47

How did the American public feel about the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 47

American public opinion mirrored the
Senate; there were mixed reactions on
Article X of the Treaty of Versailles.

Question 48

How did isolationists feel about the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 48

Isolationists, or those who generally
oppose government intervention in
world issues, were against Article X.

Question 49

How did interventionists feel about the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 49

Many interventionists, or those who
generally approve of government
involvement in foreign affairs, supported
the treaty and the League of Nations.

Question 50

In an effort to gain public support for the
treaty what did president wilson do

Answer 50

In an effort to gain public support for the
treaty, President Wilson embarked on a
cross-country railway speaking tour in
September 1919.

Question 51

What was Wilsons helath like duing the cross-country railway

Answer 51

Wilson’s health was suffering. He’d
had a series of strokes before his
election. Against his doctors’ wishes, he
went on the speaking tour. He hoped to
gain the public’s support, which could
help pressure the Senate to ratify the
treaty.
The grueling pace of the tour, in
combination with the months he had
spent in Paris, caused Wilson to collapse
from exhaustion. After cutting his tour
short and returning to Washington, D.C.
Wilson suffered a near-fatal stroke that
left him temporarily incapacitated.

Question 52

Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge issue a list of concerns about the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 52

Lodge feared that Article X would drag the United States into international disputes because more countries would seek its assistance in controversial affairs.

Question 53

What did the Irreconcilables and the Reservationists in the U.S. Senate think about the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 53

Irreconcilables opposed the treaty on all grounds, whereas Reservationists would support the treaty if sufficient amendments were introduced to eliminate Article X.

Question 54

How did the American public react to the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 54

The American public’s response to the treaty was mixed. Most isolationists were against Article X, while many interventionists supported it.

Question 55

When did congrss formally vote on the Treaty of Versailles and what was the outcome

Answer 55

In November 1919, Congress formally voted on and rejected, the originally worded Treaty of Versailles.

Question 56

Why did US never officailaly sign the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 56

When the treaty was later reintroduced with “reservations,” or amendments, it again fell short of the necessary margin for ratification.

Question 57

What was the result of US not singing the Treaty of Versallies

Answer 57

Nor did the country join the League of Nations. Due to its rejection of the treaty, the United States technically remained at war with Germany until July 1921.

Question 58

What was the Knox-Porter Resolution

Answer 58

. Due to its rejection of the treaty, the United States technically remained at war with Germany until July 1921. when it formally came to a close with Congress’s passage of the Knox-Porter Resolution.

Question 59

Why did Woodrow Wilson recive the Nobel Peace PRize in 1919

Answer 59

Woodrow Wilson received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 for his efforts to end World War I and achieve lasting international peace.