Unit 14 flashcards
Who was in the Triple Entente
France, Great Britian, and Russia
Who was in the Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Reasons America joined the war
- RMS Lusitania (On May 7, 1915, the British passenger ship RMS Lusitania was attacked on its way from New York City to Liverpool, England. The German Embassy in the United States had warned that this ship would be subject to attack because it was carrying ammunition, an allegation that later proved true. Nonetheless, almost 1,200 civilians died in the attack, including 128 Americans. The attack shocked the world and tested President Wilson’s desire to stay out of what had been a largely European conflict.)
- Despite the reasons for neutrality, Wilson felt increasing pressure to make sure the country was ready in the event the U.S. had to enter the war. He agreed to a preparedness campaign. A preparedness campaign is the steps a country takes to ready itself for war, including collecting weapons and strengthening armed forces. This campaign included the passage of the National Defense Act of 1916, which more than doubled the size of the army to nearly 225,000. The Naval Appropriations Act of 1916 called for the expansion of the U.S. naval fleet, including battleships, destroyers, submarines, and other ships.
- The Zimmermann Telegram
- Another key factor was division in the United States. There were deep ethnic divisions between native-born Americans, mostly from Northern Europe, and more recent immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. For those of Anglo-Saxon descent, the nation’s historic and ongoing relationship with Great Britain was paramount. White Anglo-Saxon Protestant Americans considered Great Britain a natural ally and demanded the U.S. go to war in its support.
By March 1918, the Germans had won in the eastern theater, between Russia and Austria-Hungary, and were quickly moving toward Allied lines. How did this affect American troop traiing
In response, the French and British asked United States President Woodrow Wilson to skip extensive training for U.S. troops and instead send them to the Western Front immediately.
(Wilson deployed American troops and designated General John J. Pershing as commander. The American army that fought in France under Pershing’s command was called the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF).)
New naval strategies involved the use of
battleships and submarines
how were ariplanes used
Airplanes were used to observe enemy troops and were eventually outfitted with weapons to carry out attacks.
On the ground, armies used
On the ground, armies used large machine guns, tanks, and deadly poison gas attacks.
roles American womene took during the watr
American women took on new roles and assisted in the war effort both at home and abroad. Many women served overseas as nurses in the military and war relief organizations. A small group of women served as bilingual telephone switchboard operators in France.
Once President Wilson was committed to war, he needed to quickly pivot from his position of neutrality. He also needed to convince all Americans to support the war. Wilson created a new government agency called the
Committee on Public Information.
Selective Service Act of 1917
required all men aged 21–30 to register for the draft.
Selective Service Act of 1918
In 1918, the act was expanded to include all men between the ages of 18–45.
conscientious objectors.
A conscientious objector is a person who refuses to serve in the armed forces on moral or religious grounds.
Espionage Act of 1917
The Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited any efforts to aid to the enemy by spying, or espionage, and forbade any attempts to interfere with the U.S. military’s wartime actions.
Sedition Act of 1918
The Sedition Act of 1918, an extension of the Espionage Act, prohibited any public criticism against the federal government and its policies, the U.S. Constitution, the military uniform, or the American flag.
Department of Justice role in the espionage act and sedition act
s. In addition, a larger national organization—the American Protective League—received support from the Department of Justice to investigate suspected traitors. Some members of the American Protective League were known to engage in intimidation, harassment, surveillance, and even violence.
Charles Schenck and Elizabeth Baer on the draft system
They argued that the draft was unconstitutional since it violated the Thirteenth Amendment.
What was the outcome of Schenck v. United States?
The outcome of Schenck v. United States was that the Supreme Court upheld the lower court’s conviction of Schenck and Baer. The court’s decision said that the draft was constitutional, and that during wartime, an individual’s freedom of speech can be limited if it presents a reasonable threat to the nation’s interests.
What was Americans first offensive in the war
The battle of Cantigny of May 1918
During th battle of cantigny what convinced french commanders that Americans could fight
American troops overran the German headquarters in the French village of Cantigny. This convinced the French commanders that American soldiers could fight.
In the what battle , which occurred from July to August of 1918, American, British, and French troops staged a massive counterattack to stop the advancing German army
Second Battle of the Marne
What battle marked a turning point in the war as the allies emerged with the uper hand
The Second Battle of the Marne marked a turning point in the war as the Allies emerged with the upper hand.
What was the final allied offensive
The final Allied offensive, known as the Hundred Days’ Offensive
What was the Hundred Days’ Offensive
the Hundred Days’ Offensive, involved several months of coordinated attacks from August to November of 1918 that brought the war to an end.
The series of decisive battles that took place from September to November are collectively referred to as the
Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
What happened during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
During this period, U.S. troops fought alongside French troops to breach the Hindenburg Line, or the last line of German defenses on the Western Front
During this period (Meuse-Argonne Offensive.), U.S. troops fought alongside French troops to breach the Hindenburg Line, or the last line of German defenses on the Western Front. The fighting culminated in the massive, deadly….
Battle of Argonne Forest
What happened during the Battle of Argonne Forest
the Allies successfully captured key German defenses and emerged as the clear victor.
Alvin C. York
U.S. Army Sergeant Alvin C. York received numerous military honors for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest during the battle.
Treaty of Versailles, an agreement among nations to officially conclude World War I. Among other things, the treaty outlined the creation of a
League of Nations to promote peace and preserve territorial integrity through open discussions.
As a result, the United States never officially signed the Treaty of Versailles. Nor did the country join the League of Nations. Due to its rejection of the treaty, the United States technically remained at war with Germany until July 1921. What ended this
the Knox-Porter Resolution.
what lead to inflation after war
When the government’s wartime control over the economy ended, businesses slowly returned to producing everyday goods instead of wartime supplies such as guns and ships. Public demand for these goods, such as household appliances and cars, quickly outpaced the slow production, leading to notable shortages of domestic products.
During the summer of 1919, northern cities recorded 25 violent anti-Black riots that killed more than 250 people in a period known as the
Red Summer
Part of the red summer was the Chicago Race Riot of 1919
Among these was the Chicago Race Riot of 1919, a weeklong riot in Chicago, Illinois, that led to the deaths of 23 African Americans and 15 Whites, 537 people injured, most of them African American; over a thousand people, mainly African American, losing their homes; as well as millions of dollars’ worth of damage to the city.
Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921
White rioters destroyed homes and businesses in a wealthy Black business area known as Black Wall Street, causing tens of millions of dollars’ worth of damage and leaving 10,000 African Americans homeless. The rioters wounded over 700 and murdered between 50 and 300 African Americans.
irreconcilable vs
Irreconcilables, opposed the treaty on
all grounds, whereas others, called
Reservationists, would support the
treaty if sufficient amendments were
introduced to eliminate Article X.
