Unit 11 Lesson 5: The Civil Rights Movement Continues Flashcards
As the 1960s gave way to the 1970s, the push by feminists for greater rights continued to gather strength. What rights did they fight for and win during this period?
For example, they opened shelters for battered women. They successfully fought for protection from employment discrimination for pregnant women. They also fought for reform of rape laws and for the criminalization of domestic violence
Title IX of this act prohibits sex discrimination in education. What was an impact of this law
. One effect of this law was the expansion of women’s sports program in schools.
What are some “firsts” achieved by Shirley Chisholm?
She was the first African American woman to serve in Congress and the first woman to seek the Democratic presidential nomination.
What did Title IX do
Title IX of this act prohibits sex discrimination in education.
Many other women also won political office during this period. What was the National Women’s Political Caucus (NWPC), which was an important base of support for this group?
. Formed in 1971 by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists, the organization’s purpose was to encourage women’s participation in politics.
What did the NWPC support
It supported efforts to grow women’s membership in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns.
Many advances in women’s rights were the result of women’s greater engagement in politics. Who was Patsy Mink?
For example, Patsy Mink, the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, coauthored the Higher Education Act.
One of the rights that many women fought for was the right to make reproductive choices. What was Roe v. Wade
In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that state laws unduly restricting abortion violate a woman’s right to privacy
What issues did Chisholm focus on during her career?
She worked to support the rights of women and African Americans. She also sought to improve conditions for those living in distressed urban areas. She supported improvements in education, health care, and other social services.
Think about Shirley Chisholm’s legacy. How did she change American politics and government?
She showed that it was possible for people other than white male leaders to have a significant voice in government. She inspired other women and African Americans to seek office. She shaped lasting federal policy and legislation during her career.
One of the key goals of the National Organization for Women (NOW) was to win passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). What was this amedment
This proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteed equal legal rights for all U.S. citizens, regardless of gender.
How did congress respond to ERA
Congress approved the amendment in March 1972.
Ratification process of ERA
It was then sent to the states for ratification. There was a deadline: If the amendment was not ratified by 38 states by 1979, it would die.
Twenty-two states ratified the ERA in 1972, and eight more in 1973. Over the next two years, only four more states approved it. In 1979, still four votes short, the amendment received a reprieve when Congress agreed to a three-year extension. The amendment never passed.
What oppostion did the ERA face and from what groups of people
It faced well-organized opposition, however, from Christian and other socially conservative, grassroots organizations.
What are some “firsts” achieved by Shirley Chisholm?
She was the first African American woman to serve in Congress and the first woman to seek the Democratic presidential nomination.
Think about Shirley Chisholm’s legacy. How did she change American politics and government?
She showed that it was possible for people other than white male leaders to have a significant voice in government. She inspired other women and African Americans to seek office. She shaped lasting federal policy and legislation during her career.
Two more victories for Latinos took place in the city of Miami, Florida. The city was home to a large and growing Spanish-speaking population. In 1973, a referendum made the county in which Miami is located officially bilingual. What did this do?
All county services were required to be provided in both Spanish and English.
What was the Chicano movement
The Chicano movement fought to gain political power and cultural respect for Mexican Americans.
What issues did Chisholm focus on during her career?
She worked to support the rights of women and African Americans. She also sought to improve conditions for those living in distressed urban areas. She supported improvements in education, health care, and other social services.
Like the women’s movement, Latino rights movements gained strength during the 1960s. Who were César Chávez and Dolores Huerta
César Chávez and Dolores Huerta helped organize Mexican American farmworkers so they could win better pay and better working conditions.
In 1974, Congress passed the Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA). Why was EEOA passed, and what did it do?
In many school systems, Spanish-speaking students had traditionally been separated from other students. As a result, they had often received inferior educations. The EEOA prohibited segregation based on race, color, or national origin. The act established that non-English-speaking students have a right to instruction in a language they understand. This meant that schools were required to offer bilingual education.
Two more victories for Latinos took place in the city of Miami, Florida. Who’s Maurice Ferré
That same year, Miami voters elected Maurice Ferré, a Puerto Rican immigrant, as mayor. He became the first Hispanic mayor of a major U.S. city.
impact of the UFW and what was the Agricultural Labor Relations Act
The UFW fought to ensure farmworkers received better working conditions, pay, healthcare, and pensions. This led to the passing of the Agricultural Labor Relations Act in 1975. The law gave California farmworkers the right to bargain collectively for better conditions.
1.
The improvement of working conditions during the 1970s was also due to the Chicano movement of the 1960s. Whats that
Chicano, once considered a derogatory word, was reclaimed by the movement to empower Latino people to confront discrimination in education, politics, and agriculture.
Reies Tijerina
he worked to reestablish the rights of Mexican Americans whose land in New Mexico had been seized by the U.S. government. He expanded his activism to fight against discrimination and became the leader of the Poor People’s Campaign.
Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales.
He founded the Crusade for Justice to battle discrimination. In 1970, Corky created the La Raza Unida political party to strengthen Chicano nationalism and Mexican American civil rights.
Mexican American Legal Defense Fund
There were other groups, including the Mexican American Legal Defense Fund, which provides civil rights protection to Latinos and scholarships for Mexican American students who wish to become lawyers.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin. This law helped break down some of the barriers that Latinos and other ethnic and racial minorities faced. One way it did so was through the policy of
affirmative action
How did some companies evade the Civil rights act
Some companies attempted to evade the Civil Rights Act by instituting pre-employment tests. Sometimes, these tests were engineered in a way to promote disparate impact. In those cases, test results led to hiring practices that excluded members of minority groups from employment
1.
What was the goal of Affirmative action
Affirmative action sought to improve educational and employment opportunities for groups that had long been victims of discrimination. One common application of affirmative action was special consideration for members of ethnic and racial minority groups when they applied for college admission or certain jobs.
Griggs v. Duke Power (1971)
In Griggs v. Duke Power (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that “an employer may not use a job requirement that functionally excludes members of a certain race if it has no relation to measuring performance of job duties.” .
impact of the Griggs decision
The Griggs decision limits employers to hiring based only on skills directly related to the job description. Griggs opened up more government employment to minority groups since, in the past, Civil Service exams had been used to limit access to jobs, especially at the city and state levels
California v. Bakke
Allan Bakke, a white man, applied unsuccessfully to a University of California medical school. The school had a quota system to give several seats in the program to members of ethnic and racial minorities. Bakke sued, claiming that his application had been turned down because of this policy.
1.
Outcome of California v. Bakke
. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke that the school could consider race as part of its admissions criteria. However, it could not have a specific racial quota.
In 1968, a group of Native American activists brought together 200 people in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to form the
American Indian Movement (AIM).
What was AIM all about
The organizers were frustrated by decades of poverty and discrimination. In 1970, the average life expectancy of Indians was 46 years, far below the national average of 69. The suicide rate was twice that of the general population. The infant mortality rate was the highest in the country. Half of all Native Americans lived on reservations, where unemployment reached 50 percent. Among Native Americans in cities, 20 percent lived below the poverty line.
On November 20, 1969, a small group of Native American activists landed on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. Why did they do that and what were they planning to do their
The protestors wished to call attention to the historical mistreatment of Native Americans. They announced further plans to build an American Indian cultural center there that would include a history museum, an ecology center, and a spiritual sanctuary. People on the mainland provided supplies by boat. Celebrities visited Alcatraz to publicize the cause. More people joined the occupiers, and their numbers swelled to about 400.
On November 20, 1969, a small group of Native American activists landed on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. How did the govenrment respond to this
From the beginning, the federal government negotiated with the occupiers to persuade them to leave. Government forces removed the final holdouts on June 11, 1971, 19 months after the occupation had begun.
What payment did the occupiers offer for Alcatraz?
Twenty-four dollars in glass beads and cloth
The next major Native American demonstration came in 1972 when AIM members and others set off on a cross-country protest event they called the “Trail of Broken Treaties.” Upon reaching Washington, D.C., some of the protesters occupied the offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. They presented a list of demands that included the following:
- improved housing, education, and economic opportunities in Indian communities
- drafting of new treaties
- return of Indian lands
- protections for native religions and culture
The most dramatic event staged by AIM was the occupation of the Indian community of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in February 1973.
Wounded Knee, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, had historical significance. It was the site of the U.S. Army’s 1890 massacre of members of the Lakota tribe. AIM went to the reservation following the failure of a group of Oglala to impeach the tribal president. He was accused of corruption and the use of strong-arm tactics to silence critics. AIM used the occasion to criticize the U.S. government for failing to live up to its treaties with native peoples.
The most dramatic event staged by AIM was the occupation of the Indian community of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in February 1973. How did the government respond
The federal government surrounded the area with U.S. marshals, FBI agents, and other law enforcement personnel. A siege followed that lasted 71 days. There was frequent gunfire from both sides: a U.S. marshal and an FBI agent were wounded, and two Indians were killed. The government did very little to meet the protesters’ demands. Two AIM leaders were arrested, but charges were later dismissed.
What was the goal of the Equal Rights Amendment?
The Equal Rights Amendment guaranteed women full legal equality with men under the U.S. Constitution.
How did the Equal Educational Opportunities Act benefit Latinos?
By prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, or national origin, the act forced schools to end the practice of segregating Spanish-speaking students, which often meant that the education they received was not equal to that of other students.
