Unit 6 Lesson 5: Westward Expansion and the American Indian

Question 1

what was the relationship between Indians and Americans

Answer 1

mistrust

Question 2

When did the reatlionsop between Americans and Natives started to go down hill

Answer 2

The relationship between American settlers and American Indians began to deteriorate in the early 1800s.

Question 3

How did some gruops such as the Seminole confront slavery

Answer 3

Some groups, such as the Seminole in Florida, harbored runaway slaves, which angered some Southerners.

Question 4

What tactic did groups like the Cherokee use

Answer 4

Other groups, such as the Cherokee in Georgia, worked hard to assimilate to American culture. Many Cherokee farmed privately owned land and practiced Christianity. Some even owned slaves. In both cases, the presence of Native American populations was unwelcome with some Southerners.

Question 5

How were Ameircan settlers affects Natives way of life

Answer 5

. Railroad tracks were built through hunting grounds, which made it more difficult to hunt. The railroad also made it possible for professional hunters to get in and out of the Prairie quickly with large amounts of gear and meat. As a result, the bison were hunted to near-extinction. Settlers on the Prairie built houses and farms. What was once wide-open grassland was becoming increasingly filled with obstacles for both the hunter and the prey.

Question 6

The various American Indian groups of the West responded differently to this invasion. Elaborate

Answer 6

Some reacted with armed resistance, killing settlers and going to war with the U.S. Army over their ancestral land. Other groups tried to find a peaceful solution by signing treaties and moving, in exchange for money and protection

Question 7

Did another tactic work (the responses to invasion)

Answer 7

Both ways proved detrimental to the Native Americans. After the Civil War, the U.S. Army was experienced and well-armed. Additionally, the federal government did not always negotiate in good faith. Some treaties were purposefully written with ambiguous language. Some contained promises that were simply never kept. Even if the government did intend to abide by a treaty, it was not always willing to punish individual settlers who broke it.

Question 8

How did other Natives respond to the invasion

Answer 8

Some American Indians tried to assimilate into mainstream American culture by converting to Christianity, wearing American clothes, and attending American schools.

Question 9

What happened to the Navajo tactic negotiate

Answer 9

After a 300-mile forced march to a reservation, the Navajo negotiated a treaty with the United States. They were allowed to return to their homeland as a sovereign nation.

Question 10

What happened to the Modoc tactic adapt

Answer 10

The Modoc found it impossible to adapt. On the reservation, they found inedible food, disease, misery, and heartbreak over losing their homeland. The return of the Modoc people to their homeland led to a violent conflict between them and the settlers living there. Eventually, the military intervened on behalf of the settlers, forcing the Modoc to surrender.

Question 11

What happened to Nez Percé tactic flee

Answer 11

The leader of the Nez Percé, Chief Joseph, led them north towards Canada. They were pursued by the U.S. Cavalry and eventually surrendered, exhausted and starving.

Question 12

What happened to the Lakota and Cheyenne tactic fight

Answer 12

The Battle of Little Bighorn is well-known. Members of the Lakota and Cheyenne nations fought the 7th Cavalry, led by Lieutenant Colonel Custer. The battle was a victory for the American Indian warriors, led by the Lakota leader, Sitting Bull. However, the government then sent overwhelming force to attack the tribes and subdue them.

Question 13

What danger did an American Indian group face when they negotiated a deal with the United States?

Answer 13

The U.S. didn’t always keep its deals. And even if it tried, individual settlers often didn’t cooperate.

Question 14

What kept the Modoc people from adapting to reservation life?

Answer 14

inedible food, disease, misery, and heartbreak over losing their homeland

Question 15

What followed for the Lakota in the aftermath of the victory at Little Bighorn?

Answer 15

The government sent more troops to attack and subdue them.

Question 16

Who signed the First Treaty of Fort Laramie

Answer 16

In 1851, the First Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed between the federal government and several of the larger Plains tribes.

Question 17

What was the purpose of the First Treaty of Fort Laramie

Answer 17

It was also supposed to end wars between the tribes by officially codifying the boundaries of each nation’s territory. This territory was supposed to belong to each American Indian nation specifically, and the United States would not lay claim to it.

Question 18

What compensation was inclued in the First Treaty of Fort Laramie

Answer 18

Finally, the United States promised to pay each group $50,000 a year. In return, Native Americans would allow the U.S. government to build roads and forts on their land and guarantee safe passage of migrants moving through the land.

Question 19

Did the First Treaty of Fort Laramie do anythgin?

Answer 19

In practice, the treaty fell apart almost immediately.

Question 20

Why did tribe wars resume?

Answer 20

Not every tribe was happy with the boundaries established in the treaty, so wars between tribes quickly resumed.

Question 21

Did the US give Natives the money they prmoswed?

Answer 21

. The U.S. government delivered on very few of its promised payments, and some groups never received compensation at all.

Question 22

What did the governemnt do about the Gold Rush

Answer 22

In 1858, gold was discovered in the mountains of Colorado on Cheyenne and Arapaho land. American miners swarmed the area hoping to strike it rich, and the United States government did not intervene.

Question 23

What was the result of the Gold Rsh on Natives

Answer 23

This, in turn, pushed the Cheyenne and Arapaho out of Colorado and onto lands belonging to other groups.

Question 24

What event likely spurred the need for the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851?

Answer 24

Gold was discovered in California in 1848. Before that, settlers moving west were few. It was likely a large influx of westward migrants looking for gold that necessitated the treaty.

Question 25

Why did the Homestead Act enrage the Dakota Sioux tribe

Answer 25

In 1862, the Homestead Act brought more settlers to the Midwest. Many settled on land that was supposed to belong to Native American groups.

Question 26

How did Dakota Sioux tribe feel about the homestead act

Answer 26

. That year, members of the Dakota Sioux tribe in Minnesota were frustrated by settler encroachment and the lack of payments they had been promised.

Question 27

What did the Dakota Sioux tribe do out of retaliation

Answer 27

In retaliation, they attacked groups of white settlers who were living on their land illegally, in what came to be known as the Dakota War.

Question 28

What were the results of the Dakota War

Answer 28

They killed or captured more than 1,000 white settlers before being stopped by an armed militia. Three hundred and three Sioux were tried and sentenced to death, but only 38 had their sentences carried out. President Lincoln canceled the sentences of the others.

Question 29

How did the West react to the Dakota War

Answer 29

Shocked by the violence of the Dakota War, an anti-Indian sentiment grew in other parts of the West.

Question 30

What happened to the Cheynne and Arapaho

Answer 30

Cheyenne and Arapaho groups in Colorado, who began to push back against settler encroachment on their land, were now met with violent militias.

Question 31

What happened during the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864

Answer 31

In 1864, a militia led by Colonel John Chivington raided a camp of Cheyenne that had already negotiated a peaceful settlement. Chivington and his men ignored both the American flag and the white flag of surrender that were flying in the camp, and murdered more than 100 people, many of whom were women and children

Question 32

What were the reactions of the Sand Creek Massacre

Answer 32

Many people regarded Chivington and his men as murderers. The U.S. government condemned his actions, but did not prosecute him. Chivington and some of his men stood by their actions, insisting that the raid was justified and that certain details were incorrect. For other settlers, the Sand Creek Massacre served as a model to follow in later attacks.

Question 33

The Sioux agreed not to attack white settlers in the 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty. Why did they attack settlers in the Dakota War?

Answer 33

The First Fort Laramie Treaty guaranteed safety for settlers traveling through Native American lands. The Sioux were not expecting them to settle on Sioux land.

Question 34

What was the new treaty that replaced the First Treaty of Fort Laranie what did it establish

Answer 34

In 1868, another treaty was signed that would replace the first version. This Second Treaty of Fort Laramie established reservations in the Dakota territory for the groups in the northern Great Plains

Question 35

Who could eneter the reservatations

Answer 35

These were areas of land set aside only for the Native Americans and were to be off-limits to white settlers, even those just passing through. Only officials authorized by the government would be allowed on the reservation.

Question 36

What was The Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867

Answer 36

A similar treaty, The Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867, moved peoples of the southern Great Plains (such as the Cheyenne and Arapaho) to reservations in Indian Territory, which is present-day Oklahoma.

Question 37

what did the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie and The Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 gaurtant native ameircans

Answer 37

Both of these treaties guaranteed provisions for buildings, farm tools, seeds, and other things that were designed to encourage tribes to abandon their hunting lifestyle in favor of an agricultural one.

Question 38

What did Native have to do in the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie

Answer 38

In exchange, the tribal groups promised not to object to settlements or railroads outside of their reservations.

Question 39

How did hte government befit from the reservations

Answer 39

In fact, one purpose for using reservations was to remove tribes from land where a railroad would be most beneficial. If a railroad was to be built through the reservation, the government needed to compensate the tribe with a fair amount of money.

Question 40

Was the reservation land good

Answer 40

Unfortunately, land that was to be used for reservations was not always great for farming or hunting.

Question 41

What stipulation was written into the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie that corrected a problem from the first treaty?

Answer 41

White settlers were not even allowed to pass through the reservation without permission. Previously, settlers were allowed to pass through, but sometimes they stopped and set up a homestead on American Indian territory.

Question 42

Why were people entering the Black Hill of South Dakota

Answer 42

In 1874, gold was discovered in the Black Hills of South Dakota—land that was part of the Sioux reservation. White settlers ignored the terms of the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie and flocked to the area hoping to strike it rich.

Question 43

What was the governments response to the enterigng of miners in resverated territoy

Answer 43

Sioux leaders protested to the government, expecting it to uphold the terms of the treaty and remove the miners. Instead, the government offered to buy the land. When the Sioux refused, the government issued what it considered to be a fair payment and sent the U.S. Army to remove the Sioux.

Question 44

Why were the Navjo forced to move

Answer 44

The Navajo, who lived and farmed on valuable land near the four corners of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, were seen as a hindrance to westward expansion.

Question 45

What was The Long Walk

Answer 45

Beginning in 1863, the Navajo population was forced from their homeland onto a dry reservation in eastern New Mexico. These gunpoint marches, known collectively as The Long Walk, occurred several times between 1863 and 1866.

Question 46

What were the result sof the long walk

Answer 46

Thousands of Navajo died, either during the forced walk or from the deplorable conditions in the camp. In 1868, after it became clear that the removal was a disaster, the Navajo were allowed to move back to their homeland

Question 47

What was the Dawes Act of 1887

Answer 47

In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act. The Dawes Act terminated tribal ownership of most reservation land and offered sections of it to individual Native American families. If a family claimed a section of land and improved it, they would be given full ownership after a set number of years. Unclaimed land would either be given to members of the tribe or sold to white settlers. Unfortunately, the Dawes Act often set aside the driest, most useless land for the Native Americans

Question 48

How did the Dawes act ruin Native Americna way of life

Answer 48

The Dawes Act also extended U.S. laws to the American Indians, essentially canceling any action or judgement made by a tribal government or court. Because the Dawes Act conflicted so heavily with Native American cultures and stripped away their right to self-govern, it was a disaster for the American Indians.

Question 49

On which other law was the Dawes Act likely modeled?

Answer 49

The Dawes Act shared some similarities with the Homestead Act in that sections of land were offered to individuals in exchange for a promise to improve it over a period of time.

Question 50

What did the Native American prophet Wovoka belive

Answer 50

In 1889, a Native American prophet named Wovoka had a vision in which a messiah-like figure would come to deliver the American Indians from all their troubles, including disease, starvation, and white settlers. To hasten this figure’s arrival, Native Americans needed to return to their cultural roots, live rightly, and perform a ceremony called the Ghost Dance.

Question 51

What led to the wounded knee massacre

Answer 51

The Lakota Sioux, became fervent practitioners of the Ghost Dance, so much so that settlers and government officials around them began to fear a Sioux uprising against them. In December of 1890, the Army rounded up a group of several hundred Lakota Sioux who were prepared to surrender to them. As the Sioux were surrendering their weapons, one of the rifles accidentally discharged. The Army then fired into the crowd, killing approximately 300 men, women, and children. This event, which came to be known as the Wounded Knee Massacre

Question 52

What event makred tjhe end of indian wars

Answer 52

the Wounded Knee Massacre (or, alternately, the Battle of Wounded Knee), marked the end of the Indian Wars. Individuals and small groups still sporadically resisted, but large-scale resistance came to an end.