Unit 4 Lesson 2: Early Growth

Question 1

Tell me some of James Madisons achemivments pior to becoming president

Answer 1

James Madison helped author the U.S. Constitution, contributed to The Federalist Papers, and wrote the original draft of the Bill of Rights. He helped build the Democratic-Republican Party and served as President Thomas Jefferson’s Secretary of State. Under President Jefferson, Madison negotiated treaties with foreign nations and tried to secure diplomatic solutions to trade issues and other problems with Britain and France.

Question 2

Who was the 4th presdient of the US

Answer 2

In 1808, Madison was elected the fourth president of the United States.

Question 3

What was President Madions goal when he took office

Answer 3

Madison hoped to keep the peace while also protecting U.S. trade and sovereignty.

Question 4

What did James Madison walk into when he became president

Answer 4

When Madison took office, laws restricting trade with Britain and France had failed. Neither country agreed to respect American neutrality. Northern leaders and merchants resented limits on trade, which they claimed hurt business. Meanwhile, leaders in the South and West clamored for harsher measures against Britain. They viewed British seizure of ships, goods, and sailors as violations of U.S. sovereignty. Britain, they argued, was still trying to rule its former colonies. Many in the U.S. also wanted to open the Great Lakes region to American settlement, but the British still controlled forts in the region and supported Native Americans who fought to limit expansion.

Question 5

How is Tecumesh and what did he do in1809?

Answer 5

In 1809, a Shawnee chief named Tecumseh revived a confederacy of Native American nations.

Question 6

Who is the Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa; and what did he want to do

Answer 6

His brother, the Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa, wanted to revive Native American traditions and expel Americans from the region.

Question 7

Who was Governor William Henry

Answer 7

In 1811, Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory attacked Prophetstown, a Shawnee settlement named in honor of Tenskwatawa.

Question 8

How did the battle of Tippecanoe go

Answer 8

In the Battle of Tippecanoe, U.S. forces led by Harrison destroyed the settlement.

Question 9

During the Battle of Tippecanoe, What did Americans find out

Answer 9

They also found evidence that the British had violated earlier treaties with the United States by supplying Native Americans with weapons.

Question 10

They also found evidence that the British had violated earlier treaties with the United States by supplying Native Americans with weapons. Why were they doing this?

Answer 10

The British wanted to curtail U.S. expansion and keep the Native Americans as a buffer between the United States and British Canada.

Question 11

What pushed Americans to want to go to war with Britian again

Answer 11

British attacked U.S. ships and practiced impressment, or the practice of forcing people into military service, of U.S. sailors. This, combined with Britain’s support for Native American resistance, led to calls for a second war against Britain.

Question 12

Who were the War Hawks?

Answer 12

The loudest demands came from southern and western War Hawks, members of Congress from the South and the West who called for war with Britain prior to the War of 1812

Question 13

Which people led the War Hawks?

Answer 13

. Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina led this effort.

Question 14

Why did
War Hawks think a war was nessary?

Answer 14

A war was needed, they said, to reaffirm U.S. independence and extend U.S. sovereignty.

Question 15

How did majortiy of the Northeast Federalists feel about the going in to war

Answer 15

Opposition to the war came from Federalists, especially those in the Northeast. War would disrupt the sea trade on which they depended.

Question 16

When did the President declare war on Britina?

Answer 16

In a narrow vote, Congress authorized the president to declare war against Britain in June 1812.

Question 17

Why does Monroe consider the U.S. victory so “glorious”?

Answer 17

The United States defeated the British on land and at sea and won a huge victory against a superior British force at New Orleans.

Question 18

What outcomes of the war support his position?

Answer 18

The United States won the war and negotiated a treaty that reaffirmed its borders. The United States also defeated Britain’s Native American allies, opening a great deal of land for settlement.

Question 19

Why do you think the United States was able to defeat the British twice?

Answer 19

Britain had a difficult time winning wars to take and control such large amounts of land. The United States had a large army of its own and had built up its naval forces. They used the same types of weaponry as the British. They had to win key battles to defend their territory, whereas the British had to invade and conquer it.

Question 20

In 1800s US saw a growth in industries describe that and elaborta why as well

Answer 20

The early 1800s saw the growth of new industries in the United States, in part, because embargoes and war reduced foreign trade. Americans made more of their own goods, and new technologies helped them along.

Question 21

What was the Treaty of Ghent?

Answer 21

Answer: It was a peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States in 1814 to end the War of 1812.

Question 22

The Tariff of 1816 or protective tariff was in response to what

Answer 22

With trade resuming, Britain flooded U.S. markets with low-cost goods, endangering American businesses.

Question 23

What did the protective tariff do

Answer 23

This protective tariff taxed foreign goods imported to the United States. The tariff encouraged investment and economic development

Question 24

What did crtics say about the protective tariff

Answer 24

Critics, however, worried the tariff could hurt trade, raise the cost of goods for consumers, and contribute to a rising problem of debt.

Question 25

after the war which region of alnd were people interested in

Answer 25

After the war, many Americans set their eyes on the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River Valley.

Question 26

After the war, many Americans set their eyes on the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River Valley. Who were Speculators?

Answer 26

Speculators hoped to buy cheap land from the federal government to resell at higher prices.

Question 27

What did the land fever led to?

Answer 27

This “land fever” encouraged road building and other transportation projects but led to reckless lending and borrowing.

Question 28

Why might manufacturers encourage westward settlement?

Answer 28

They would have access to more raw materials and have more markets for selling goods.

Question 29

People needed money to buy land and start businesses. What was the result of this

Answer 29

. State banks began issuing loans in paper currency without gold and silver to back it up.

Question 30

What led to inflation

Answer 30

State banks began issuing loans in paper currency without gold and silver to back it up. As a result, banks issued more currency, and more people—particularly speculators—took out loans.

Question 31

What achievements do you think Madison might have claimed?

Answer 31

Madison might have claimed that he led the United States to successfully defend its trade, borders, and sovereignty against foreign threats, particularly against Britain. The United States fought off the British in a second war and came out of the war with its borders intact. It broke up the Native Americans confederacies and opened more western lands to settlement. The nation also began developing more of its own industry and enacted tariffs to protect that industry.

Question 31

Why was the Second Bank of the United States made?

Answer 31

In an effort to restore economic stability, Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 and put the bank in charge of the nation’s money supply.

Question 32

How did the Second Bank of the United States set the stage for fincial collapse?

Answer 32

This set the stage for a financial collapse when the national bank began making risky loans and calling in debts from state and local banks.

Question 33

Who was he 5th presdient

Answer 33

Democratic-Republican James Monroe took office in March 1817 and served two terms.

Question 34

Why was James Monroe’s Presidency called the “era of good feelings”

Answer 34

Early in his first term, Monroe toured New England. He sought to heal political rifts and promote policies centered on the growth of trade and industry as well as territorial expansion. Monroe’s efforts at goodwill inspired a Boston newspaper to dub his presidency the “era of good feelings.”

Question 35

What did Monroe walk into when he became presdient

Answer 35

Under Madison, banks had begun printing paper currency without sufficient backing in gold and silver, inflation had driven up prices, and farmers, as well as speculators, had staked their success on reckless loans. Many people fell into debt. When banks started demanding repayment, the unstable system started to fail.

Question 36

How were farmers and land specultors struggling

Answer 36

Meanwhile, crop prices tumbled after the War of 1812 as European farming revived. This hurt American farmers. They couldn’t pay back loans to small banks, which couldn’t pay back the Second Bank of the United States. Land speculators, too, found themselves saddled with land they couldn’t sell.

Question 37

What was the Panic of 1819

Answer 37

The inability to repay debts caused a financial collapse, known as the Panic of 1819, in which banks closed and business failed.

Question 38

What was life like during the Panic of 1819

Answer 38

Many workers lost their jobs, while farmers lost their land and livelihoods. So began an economic depression, or time of widespread poverty and unemployment.

The depression lasted through 1822. It hit people at all levels of society in every state.

Question 39

What did congress do to try to boost econmy

Answer 39

To boost the economy, Congress passed laws that made it easier to buy land and repay debts. States, too, enacted laws to prevent mortgage foreclosures so buyers could keep their homes. By 1823, the economy was growing again, and employment was on the rise. Banking had stabilized.

Question 40

Describe the conflicts between the North and the Sotuh

Answer 40

Northern states depended on tariffs to protect business and industry. As the economy recovered, northerners wanted to keep tariffs in place to encourage investment and keep profits growing. Southern states, however, viewed tariffs as harmful because they drove up the cost of goods.

Question 41

How did events during this period expose larger problems facing the United States?

Answer 41

The Panic of 1819 exposed instability in the national economy due to the rapid pace of industrialization and change. It also brought to light deep sectional differences. Northern and southern states had very different economies—one dependent on manufacturing and industry, the other on plantation farming of cash crops. The North needed to cut trade with Europe to advance its industries, while the South continued to depend on foreign trade. This put northern and southern economic interests at odds.

Question 42

During Monroes adminstrion US gained servel new states, how?

Answer 42

during Monroe’s administration, the United States gained several new states. The nation also negotiated treaties with Britain to set a new northern boundary and to split the Oregon Country in the Pacific Northwest. To the south, U.S. diplomats succeeded in securing Florida from Spain.

Question 43

In the early 1800s, while European nations were distracted by the Napoleonic Wars, independence movements arose in the Americas. Haiti broke from France. Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama threw off Spanish rule. Why did this alram US leaders

Answer 43

When the wars in Europe ended, U.S. leaders worried that Spain and other European nations would try to re-exert influence in the Western Hemisphere, a region the United States now considered its domain.

Question 44

When the wars in Europe ended, U.S. leaders worried that Spain and other European nations would try to re-exert influence in the Western Hemisphere, a region the United States now considered its domain. This led Monroe to do what

Answer 44

This led Monroe to make a statement to Congress on December 2, 1823, in which he outlined a new foreign policy known as the Monroe Doctrine.

Question 45

What did the Monroe Doctrine do?

Answer 45

The Monroe Doctrine barred European colonization and interference in the Americas.

Question 46

How did the Monroe Doctrine signal a shift in U.S.-British relations?

Answer 46

The Monroe Doctrine signaled a new level of cooperation between the United States and Britain as the U.S. did not have the power to enforce the Monroe Doctrine, but Britain did. The doctrine demonstrated that the two nations had a shared interest in preventing other European nations from exerting their influence in the Americas.

Question 47

What was the Market Revolution?

Answer 47

In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Europe and the United States underwent two types of rapid, dramatic change—the Market Revolution, or a shift to manufacturing more food and goods for trade and profit, and industrialization,

Question 48

What were the benfits of machines

Answer 48

The widespread use of machines characterized the first wave of industrialization. Machines sped up manufacturing, or the production of goods, enabling businesses to produce more in less time at less cost. The rise of manufacturing created new types of jobs that paid wages, which people could use to buy more manufactured goods.

Question 49

How does a market econmy work

Answer 49

In a market economy, business people called entrepreneurs invest money to earn profits, or money left over after expenses are paid. This money is often used to buy more goods and to invest in more enterprises. Market economies depend on supply and demand—businesses producing goods that consumers, or buyers, want to buy.

Question 50

What role did Samuel Slater play in the industrialization of the United States?

Answer 50

Samuel Slater memorized how textile mills in England worked and brought the information to the United States. He set up a textile mill in Rhode Island.Samuel Slater built his textile mill with its power looms in the 1790s.

Question 51

Where were most mills built, and why?

Answer 51

Early mills were built along rivers because they relied on power generated by river water turning water wheels.

Question 52

What economic transformation occurred because of these changes aka industrialasim?

Answer 52

Farmers went to work in factories for wages. They earned money to spend on goods rather than growing and making their own goods.

Question 53

What was the cotton gin

Answer 53

he cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney around 1793. The cotton gin cleaned seeds from raw cotton far more quickly and efficiently than could be done by hand. Whitney hoped that the cotton gin would end the South’s dependence on enslaved labor—and thereby end slavery.

Question 54

What effect did the cotton gin have

Answer 54

Instead, it entrenched cotton planting in the agrarian South and slavery with it. Agrarian means related to farms and farming.

Question 55

What were interchangeable parts

Answer 55

Whitney also developed machine tools. These devices cut and shaped metal to make interchangeable parts, or identical components that are used in place of one another. These allowed machines to specialize, or do one job or make one part of a product.

Question 56

How did water mills work

Answer 56

Moving river water turned water wheels. The wheels turned devices called turbines. The energy from that motion generated electricity that powered the looms.

Question 57

How did James Watt change textile mills and other factories?

Answer 57

Watt used steam engines to power textile mills, an innovation that spread to other factories. The use of steam reduced factories’ dependence on rivers. Steam-powered mills and factories had higher levels of productivity.

Question 58

How did steam-powered factories change the labor system?

Answer 58

Steam-powered factories were more productive. As they grew, they needed more workers. Farmers gave up working the land to work in factories where they earned wages.

Question 59

What effect did Robert Fulton and steam power have on transportation?

Answer 59

Fulton used steam power to develop steamboats that could travel more quickly up rivers and other waterways. The success of steamboats such as Fulton’s Clermont encouraged the development of steamships and, eventually, steam locomotives that traveled railroads. Steamboats, steamships, and steam locomotives were faster than other forms of travel at the time.

Question 60

What was the national road?

Answer 60

In 1806, Congress authorized funding of a national highway. In 1811, construction on the Cumberland Road from Maryland to Illinois began. Over time, this artery to the west became known as the National Road;

Question 61

How did the steamship improve water travel?

Answer 61

Steamships could travel against river currents, making it easier to travel upstream as well as downstream. Commerce could take place in two directions.

Question 62

What was the Erie Canal?

Answer 62

The Erie Canal was completed in 1825. It was a narrow, human-made waterway on which cargo boats could travel, enabling people and goods to navigate around difficult terrain.

Question 63

How did Samuel Morse and the electrical telegraph change communication?

Answer 63

Morse invented the telegraph and Morse code to send messages using electrical signals across great distances. Instead of waiting on letters that might take days or weeks, telegraph messages could travel hundreds of miles almost instantly.

Question 64

Why were innovations such as the railroad and the telegraph important to farmers and business?

Answer 64

Farmers and businesses could reach more markets and more people faster. This increased the number of potential buyers and the amount of goods they could produce and sell.

Question 65

What was the Lowell system

Answer 65

Under the Lowell System, women workers lived in company-owned boardinghouses to which they paid some of their wages. Male overseers at the mills and female keepers at the boardinghouses monitored the women’s behavior. Rule breakers were fired and evicted.

Question 66

What was mill work like

Answer 66

Millwork was mechanized, and workers repeatedly did one task throughout the day Though tedious and repetitive, the work gave women their own money to save, spend, or send home to family. The work also gave them a greater sense of independence.

Question 67

Describe how urbanzaiton came to be

Answer 67

By the mid-1800s, shoemaking, leather tanning, papermaking, hat making, clock making, gun making, and flour milling had all become mechanized. These types of jobs drew more workers to company towns and surrounding cities. This process of urbanization changed the landscape of the United States.

Question 68

Upper Class

Answer 68

Merchants from affluent families, particularly in the North, became factory owners and investors who gained more wealth through industry. Banking and shipping families thrived as trade expanded. Less affluent artisans and merchants without wealthy family ties reinvented themselves as manufacturers and entrepreneurs. With hard work and luck, they moved up the social ladder. To the south, wealthy planter families held most political power.

Question 69

Middle Class

Answer 69

A new middle class owned and ran small factories, stores, and other businesses. They made more money than the working classes but didn’t have the great wealth of the upper class. Members of the middle class feared losing their property and comfortable status.

Question 70

Working Class

Answer 70

Industrialization gave rise to a wage-based working class. Mills and factories brought together large numbers of men and women in one place. They worked long hours in unsafe and uncomfortable conditions for low wages. Though industrialization and the factory system brought some improvements to workers, the working class did not benefit as much the middle and elite classes did. Their livelihood was precarious, leaving them vulnerable during economic slumps like the Panic of 1819.

Question 71

Why did a lot of Irekand people go to america

Answer 71

Starvation was a huge push factor. Poverty and food scarcity in Ireland caused great hardship for millions. They came to the United States for the promise of land and jobs—pull factors. A potato blight, or disease, in 1845 that wiped out a major food source in Ireland combined with the unwillingness of British landowners to provide aid led to widespread famine. More than a million died, and the same number fled.

Question 72

Why did Germans go to America

Answer 72

Many people also left Germany to escape unemployment and poverty. The growth of industry there led to land seizures in a country already running out of land. Farmers were displaced, and the rise of industrial jobs couldn’t keep pace with the need among workers. That’s one push factor. The United States had rapidly growing industries that needed workers as well as land speculators eager to sell more land. That’s a pull factor. However, many Germans also fled political unrest and religious persecution at home—two more push factors. They believed they would find political and religious freedom in the United States—pull factors.