Unit 4 Lesson 4: the effects of slavery

Question 1

Where were the first enslaved africans sold in US

Answer 1

The first enslaved Africans sold in the United States arrived in the early 1600s at Jamestown, Virginia. From there, slavery spread throughout the colonies.

Question 2

How do the number of free and slave states in 1846 compare?

Answer 2

Slave states outnumbered free states by two.

Question 3

What does the map show about the legality of slavery in the United States?

Answer 3

: The northern half of the United States—states and territories—had abolished slavery. The southern United States—from the Atlantic Coast through Texas—permitted slavery.

Question 4

What does this suggest about the economic importance of slavery?

Answer 4

: Slavery was far more important to the economy of southern states.

Question 5

What does antebellum mean

Answer 5

Antebellum refers to the period in the United States before the Civil War, roughly from 1820 through the 1850s.

Question 6

Where did most free African Americans live? Why do you think that is?

Answer 6

Most free African Americans also lived in southern states. People who had been enslaved there were freed.

Question 7

How did cotton influence slavery in the South?

Answer 7

The cotton gin made cotton production easier. This increased the demand for cotton, which also increased the demand for slave labor.

Question 8

Almost no cotton was grown in the United States in 1787. What invention changed?

Answer 8

Then, the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased textile manufacturing.

Question 9

How did the cotton gin make life easier

Answer 9

It made what had been a labor-intensive process easier and faster, and demand for cotton soared.

Question 10

Why was cotton in the south?

Answer 10

Southern states had a climate well-suited to growing cotton and a landscape able to support large plantations. Cotton production soon ruled the Deep South.

Question 11

Why was the south nicknamed king of the cotton

Answer 11

The domination of cotton as a cash crop for plantation owners in the South earned it the nickname King Cotton.

Question 12

/where was majority of the crops grown?

Answer 12

Other crops and economic activities predominated in the Upper South.

Question 13

Describe the geography of South stares

Answer 13

Upper South and the Deep South regions each stretch from the Atlantic Coast to the Mississippi River and beyond.

Question 14

What are crah crops

Answer 14

As cotton and other cash crops, or those grown mainly to sell, became more profitable, planters pushed westward.

Question 15

As southerens went westward what did they do ( Slavery was no longer confined to the East Coast.)

Answer 15

Southern states engaged in lumber milling, shipping, limited industry, and fishing.

Question 16

Athought southerens did other thigns what was the main thing

Answer 16

However, as the map suggests, agriculture predominated, giving rise to an even more powerful plantation economy.

Question 17

What is a plantation econmy

Answer 17

A plantation economy is an economic system in which most resources, including labor, are tied up in large-scale agricultural production, particularly of crops for trade.

Question 18

How are cash crops distributed throughout the Deep South and Upper South?

Answer 18

Cotton was the main crop across most of the Deep South states, though pockets of sugar cane, rice, and tobacco also existed. The Upper South crops were more varied. Corn and tobacco were the most widely grown crops, spread across different areas, but hemp and rye were also important in some parts of the states.

Question 19

How does the map support the idea of King Cotton?

Answer 19

Most of the Deep South states were dedicated to cotton production. This suggests that it was the mainstay of the Deep South economy and probably influenced most aspects of life there.

Question 20

Why did the South rely on the North so much

Answer 20

Because southern states focused largely on the production and trade of raw materials such as cotton and tobacco, they became dependent on other regions and countries for manufactured goods. Most of these goods came from northern states. Southern planters depended on northern banks for loans and other services. They also relied on northern shipping, and later, northern-based railroads to transport raw cotton and the textiles that used southern cotton.

Question 21

What did the demand of cotton have to do with the amount of slaves

Answer 21

As demand for cotton rose, production and profits increased, and so, too, did the use of enslaved African American labor. Relying on large populations of enslaved labor, planters produced more cotton for less money.

Question 22

What was the relationship between King Cotton and slavery in the Deep South?

Answer 22

The steady increase in the enslaved population in the country as well as the rapid rise of cotton production suggests that the population of enslaved workers increased to keep pace with the demand for more labor to produce more cotton.

Question 23

How did Southern planters view industrialization

Answer 23

Southern planters viewed industrialization as necessary but also feared that it would undermine the plantation economy and encourage calls to end slavery.

Question 24

What was the relationship between the South and the north

Answer 24

Instead of facing competition from the South, northern industries benefited from importing southern raw materials and exporting their own finished goods. This benefited both the North and South, allowing them both to accumulate more wealth.

Question 25

How did the textile mill idustry rely on the South

Answer 25

Among the most lucrative northern industries were textile mills, many of which relied on cotton grown in the South. The cotton gin and enslaved labor made cotton production less costly, which made cotton less expensive for northern factories.

Question 26

Which industry denefited a lot form southeren vrops

Answer 26

. The shipping industry benefited from the trade in cotton and other southern cash crops

Question 27

How were northen banks benfiting from the south

Answer 27

Northern banks that loaned money to factories and southern planters saw big returns, so they were willing to make more loans.

Question 28

Rise of steamboats

Answer 28

The Mississippi River quickly became the essential water highway in the United States. Steamboats—able to travel against the river’s current as well as in narrow, shallow waters—became crucial to the cotton industry. In 1817, only 17 steamboats plied, or traveled, the waters of western rivers; by 1837, more than 700 traveled the waterways.

Question 29

When did congress abolish the international slave trade

Answer 29

In 1807, U.S. Congress abolished the international slave trade, a ban that went into effect on January 1, 1808.

Question 30

In 1807, U.S. Congress abolished the international slave trade, a ban that went into effect on January 1, 1808. What did this lead to?

Answer 30

This decision spurred the growth of a domestic slave trade

Question 31

What is the domestic slave trade

Answer 31

domestic slave trade in which slave traders bought and sold enslaved African Americans across the southeastern quarter of the United States.

Question 32

How did slave auctions ?

Answer 32

These people were sold at public slave auctions and markets in major cities. Markets were like trading posts, or “stores” for the buying and selling of people, while auctions were large public events at which enslaved persons were sold to the highest bidder, or the buyer willing to pay the most. Many auctions took place at slave markets.

Question 33

What was the largest slave auction

Answer 33

The largest slave auction in U.S. history took place in Savannah, Georgia, in March 1859. More than 400 men, women, and children, including infants, were sold.

Question 34

What was the weeping time

Answer 34

The period after the largest slave auction in U.S. history in Savannah was known as the “Weeping Time

Question 35

How were Enslaved people reffered to

Answer 35

Enslaved persons were referred to as “chattel,” suggesting they were considered livestock or work animals, like horses and cattle.

Question 36

Where did smugglers illegally get there slaves

Answer 36

To meet southern demand for labor, smugglers illegally brought enslaved people from the Caribbean as well as through Florida and Texas.

Question 37

Despire the seasing international trade in 1807 why was the domestic slave trade growing

Answer 37

Despite ceasing international trade in 1807, the domestic slave trade grew in the U.S. as enslaved African Americans had children

Question 38

What were slave codes

Answer 38

Laws called slave codes ensured that children inherited their parents’ slave status. These laws also limited the movements and activities of enslaved people. Some barred enslaved workers from leaving their plantations at all; others prevented them from learning to read and write. Slave codes also determined whether enslaved people could marry.

Question 39

What was the role of a slave patrols

Answer 39

Throughout southern states, slave patrols—organized groups of armed men—roved the countryside, towns, and cities, enforcing these codes (slave codes) and rounding up those who tried to escape.

Question 40

What happened to the slaves in the upper north

Answer 40

By the early to mid-1800s, the Upper South focused on less labor-intensive crops, and had begun shifting to wheat farming. Slaveholders started to find themselves with more enslaved workers than they needed and could support.

Question 41

What was manumission (surplus of slaves in the upper north)

Answer 41

Some freed their workers via manumission, or the act of releasing a slave from slavery or servitude

Question 42

What was the second middle passage (another response to the surplus of slaves)

Answer 42

The forced migration and sale of enslaved people from the Upper South to the Deep South became known as the Second Middle Passage. As the domestic slave trade became more profitable, some slaveholders even began forcing enslaved people together to have children that they could sell.

Question 43

What main problem regarding the question of slavery does Músquiz identify?

Answer 43

Músquiz identifies the problem as a question of two rights—the liberty of the individual vs. the property rights of individuals. He says that determining which is most important in Mexico will settle the question of whether to permit slavery.

Question 44

What was paternalism

Answer 44

Many southern whites, particularly planters, invoked the idea of paternalism—the false premise that slaveholders were acting in the best interests of enslaved people by feeding, housing, and clothing them as well as disciplining them and teaching them Christian beliefs. Slaveholders used paternalism to justify slavery.

Question 45

What did Paternalism do

Answer 45

Paternalism grossly misrepresented the brutality of slavery and failed to acknowledge that freedom is central to human dignity.

Question 46

What is the gang-labor system

Answer 46

Under the plantation’s gang-labor system, workers were organized into groups by an overseer to complete their daily work.

Question 47

What did the overseers from the gang labor system do

Answer 47

These overseers enforced rules and work quotas, sometimes using violence and the threat of family separation as punishment.

Question 48

What was it like for slaves in manor houss

Answer 48

Some enslaved workers served in the plantation’s manor house. They cleaned, cooked, did the washing, and tended to the needs of the slaveholder, his family, and guests. Some enslaved women served as nannies to the children of the house, while others became personal maids.

Question 49

Number of free slaves in america by 1850

Answer 49

By 1850, northern states and southern states were each home to more than 200,000 free African Americans. About 40,000 more lived in the south than in the north, with most living in the Upper South.

Question 50

How did slaves lvie

Answer 50

Most free African Americans lived in towns and cities, but their prosperity varied greatly. Many were educated, and became professionals such as teachers and ministers, including Juliann Jane Tillman. They started their own churches and newspapers. They served in the military and fought in the nation’s wars. They worked as artisans, as shoemakers and tailors, and as shopkeepers. They owned property.

Question 51

Describe the risk of cpature for slaves

Answer 51

These men hunted runaway enslaved people, and many claimed free African Americans as escaped slaves. For this reason, free African Americans were required to carry papers proving their freedom, but even these could be disregarded. Due to rules about testifying, if a slave catcher accused an African American of being an escaped slave, the accused could not defend himself or herself in court.

Question 52

In the 1800s, many slaveholders began permitting the teaching of Christianity to enslaved people. How did slaves take this info in

Answer 52

Many enslaved people instead seized on stories that promised freedom. They clung to these stories and sang about them in songs called spirituals.