Unit 4 Lesson 4: the effects of slavery Flashcards
Where were the first enslaved africans sold in US
The first enslaved Africans sold in the United States arrived in the early 1600s at Jamestown, Virginia. From there, slavery spread throughout the colonies.
How do the number of free and slave states in 1846 compare?
Slave states outnumbered free states by two.
What does the map show about the legality of slavery in the United States?
: The northern half of the United States—states and territories—had abolished slavery. The southern United States—from the Atlantic Coast through Texas—permitted slavery.
What does this suggest about the economic importance of slavery?
: Slavery was far more important to the economy of southern states.
What does antebellum mean
Antebellum refers to the period in the United States before the Civil War, roughly from 1820 through the 1850s.
Where did most free African Americans live? Why do you think that is?
Most free African Americans also lived in southern states. People who had been enslaved there were freed.
How did cotton influence slavery in the South?
The cotton gin made cotton production easier. This increased the demand for cotton, which also increased the demand for slave labor.
Almost no cotton was grown in the United States in 1787. What invention changed?
Then, the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased textile manufacturing.
How did the cotton gin make life easier
It made what had been a labor-intensive process easier and faster, and demand for cotton soared.
Why was cotton in the south?
Southern states had a climate well-suited to growing cotton and a landscape able to support large plantations. Cotton production soon ruled the Deep South.
Why was the south nicknamed king of the cotton
The domination of cotton as a cash crop for plantation owners in the South earned it the nickname King Cotton.
/where was majority of the crops grown?
Other crops and economic activities predominated in the Upper South.
Describe the geography of South stares
Upper South and the Deep South regions each stretch from the Atlantic Coast to the Mississippi River and beyond.
What are crah crops
As cotton and other cash crops, or those grown mainly to sell, became more profitable, planters pushed westward.
As southerens went westward what did they do ( Slavery was no longer confined to the East Coast.)
Southern states engaged in lumber milling, shipping, limited industry, and fishing.
Athought southerens did other thigns what was the main thing
However, as the map suggests, agriculture predominated, giving rise to an even more powerful plantation economy.
What is a plantation econmy
A plantation economy is an economic system in which most resources, including labor, are tied up in large-scale agricultural production, particularly of crops for trade.
How are cash crops distributed throughout the Deep South and Upper South?
Cotton was the main crop across most of the Deep South states, though pockets of sugar cane, rice, and tobacco also existed. The Upper South crops were more varied. Corn and tobacco were the most widely grown crops, spread across different areas, but hemp and rye were also important in some parts of the states.
How does the map support the idea of King Cotton?
Most of the Deep South states were dedicated to cotton production. This suggests that it was the mainstay of the Deep South economy and probably influenced most aspects of life there.
Why did the South rely on the North so much
Because southern states focused largely on the production and trade of raw materials such as cotton and tobacco, they became dependent on other regions and countries for manufactured goods. Most of these goods came from northern states. Southern planters depended on northern banks for loans and other services. They also relied on northern shipping, and later, northern-based railroads to transport raw cotton and the textiles that used southern cotton.
What did the demand of cotton have to do with the amount of slaves
As demand for cotton rose, production and profits increased, and so, too, did the use of enslaved African American labor. Relying on large populations of enslaved labor, planters produced more cotton for less money.
What was the relationship between King Cotton and slavery in the Deep South?
The steady increase in the enslaved population in the country as well as the rapid rise of cotton production suggests that the population of enslaved workers increased to keep pace with the demand for more labor to produce more cotton.
How did Southern planters view industrialization
Southern planters viewed industrialization as necessary but also feared that it would undermine the plantation economy and encourage calls to end slavery.
What was the relationship between the South and the north
Instead of facing competition from the South, northern industries benefited from importing southern raw materials and exporting their own finished goods. This benefited both the North and South, allowing them both to accumulate more wealth.
How did the textile mill idustry rely on the South
Among the most lucrative northern industries were textile mills, many of which relied on cotton grown in the South. The cotton gin and enslaved labor made cotton production less costly, which made cotton less expensive for northern factories.
Which industry denefited a lot form southeren vrops
. The shipping industry benefited from the trade in cotton and other southern cash crops
How were northen banks benfiting from the south
Northern banks that loaned money to factories and southern planters saw big returns, so they were willing to make more loans.
Rise of steamboats
The Mississippi River quickly became the essential water highway in the United States. Steamboats—able to travel against the river’s current as well as in narrow, shallow waters—became crucial to the cotton industry. In 1817, only 17 steamboats plied, or traveled, the waters of western rivers; by 1837, more than 700 traveled the waterways.
When did congress abolish the international slave trade
In 1807, U.S. Congress abolished the international slave trade, a ban that went into effect on January 1, 1808.
In 1807, U.S. Congress abolished the international slave trade, a ban that went into effect on January 1, 1808. What did this lead to?
This decision spurred the growth of a domestic slave trade
What is the domestic slave trade
domestic slave trade in which slave traders bought and sold enslaved African Americans across the southeastern quarter of the United States.
How did slave auctions ?
These people were sold at public slave auctions and markets in major cities. Markets were like trading posts, or “stores” for the buying and selling of people, while auctions were large public events at which enslaved persons were sold to the highest bidder, or the buyer willing to pay the most. Many auctions took place at slave markets.
What was the largest slave auction
The largest slave auction in U.S. history took place in Savannah, Georgia, in March 1859. More than 400 men, women, and children, including infants, were sold.
What was the weeping time
The period after the largest slave auction in U.S. history in Savannah was known as the “Weeping Time
How were Enslaved people reffered to
Enslaved persons were referred to as “chattel,” suggesting they were considered livestock or work animals, like horses and cattle.
Where did smugglers illegally get there slaves
To meet southern demand for labor, smugglers illegally brought enslaved people from the Caribbean as well as through Florida and Texas.
Despire the seasing international trade in 1807 why was the domestic slave trade growing
Despite ceasing international trade in 1807, the domestic slave trade grew in the U.S. as enslaved African Americans had children
What were slave codes
Laws called slave codes ensured that children inherited their parents’ slave status. These laws also limited the movements and activities of enslaved people. Some barred enslaved workers from leaving their plantations at all; others prevented them from learning to read and write. Slave codes also determined whether enslaved people could marry.
What was the role of a slave patrols
Throughout southern states, slave patrols—organized groups of armed men—roved the countryside, towns, and cities, enforcing these codes (slave codes) and rounding up those who tried to escape.
What happened to the slaves in the upper north
By the early to mid-1800s, the Upper South focused on less labor-intensive crops, and had begun shifting to wheat farming. Slaveholders started to find themselves with more enslaved workers than they needed and could support.
What was manumission (surplus of slaves in the upper north)
Some freed their workers via manumission, or the act of releasing a slave from slavery or servitude
What was the second middle passage (another response to the surplus of slaves)
The forced migration and sale of enslaved people from the Upper South to the Deep South became known as the Second Middle Passage. As the domestic slave trade became more profitable, some slaveholders even began forcing enslaved people together to have children that they could sell.
What main problem regarding the question of slavery does MĂşsquiz identify?
Músquiz identifies the problem as a question of two rights—the liberty of the individual vs. the property rights of individuals. He says that determining which is most important in Mexico will settle the question of whether to permit slavery.
What was paternalism
Many southern whites, particularly planters, invoked the idea of paternalism—the false premise that slaveholders were acting in the best interests of enslaved people by feeding, housing, and clothing them as well as disciplining them and teaching them Christian beliefs. Slaveholders used paternalism to justify slavery.
What did Paternalism do
Paternalism grossly misrepresented the brutality of slavery and failed to acknowledge that freedom is central to human dignity.
What is the gang-labor system
Under the plantation’s gang-labor system, workers were organized into groups by an overseer to complete their daily work.
What did the overseers from the gang labor system do
These overseers enforced rules and work quotas, sometimes using violence and the threat of family separation as punishment.
What was it like for slaves in manor houss
Some enslaved workers served in the plantation’s manor house. They cleaned, cooked, did the washing, and tended to the needs of the slaveholder, his family, and guests. Some enslaved women served as nannies to the children of the house, while others became personal maids.
Number of free slaves in america by 1850
By 1850, northern states and southern states were each home to more than 200,000 free African Americans. About 40,000 more lived in the south than in the north, with most living in the Upper South.
How did slaves lvie
Most free African Americans lived in towns and cities, but their prosperity varied greatly. Many were educated, and became professionals such as teachers and ministers, including Juliann Jane Tillman. They started their own churches and newspapers. They served in the military and fought in the nation’s wars. They worked as artisans, as shoemakers and tailors, and as shopkeepers. They owned property.
Describe the risk of cpature for slaves
These men hunted runaway enslaved people, and many claimed free African Americans as escaped slaves. For this reason, free African Americans were required to carry papers proving their freedom, but even these could be disregarded. Due to rules about testifying, if a slave catcher accused an African American of being an escaped slave, the accused could not defend himself or herself in court.
In the 1800s, many slaveholders began permitting the teaching of Christianity to enslaved people. How did slaves take this info in
Many enslaved people instead seized on stories that promised freedom. They clung to these stories and sang about them in songs called spirituals.
