Unit 16 Lesson 1: Return to Normalcy Flashcards
How did American voters feel during the 1920 presidential election
As the presidential election of 1920 began, many American voters sought a new direction. They wanted to move away from Progressive politics.
Harding offered what the Republicans desired. What whould he want to do as president
He wanted to advance Republican policies of low taxes, immigration restriction, and noninterference in world affairs. He also practiced laissez-faire theory, He was a candidate who could look and act presidential, yet leave Americans alone to live their lives as they wished.
The Republicans found their candidate in
Senator Warren G. Harding from Ohio.
What kind of candiate did the republican party present
Republicans responded with a candidate who promised that the country would return to normalcy rather than continue Progressive reforms.
how did Republicans feel about the presidential election of 1920
Republicans were anxious to return to the White House after eight years of a democratic president, Woodrow Wilson.
laissez-faire theory
which suggested that government should play a very limited role in society. He was a candidate who could look and act presidential, yet leave Americans alone to live their lives as they wished.
The Republicans promised a return to what kind of policies
The Republicans promised a return to pro-business policies.
How did the election of 1920 go
. Harding and Coolidge won the 1920 election in an overwhelming landslide, with 404 votes to 127 in the Electoral College, and 60 percent of the popular vote.
What was Harding’s mission during his presidency?
Harding wanted a return to normalcy by building business and trade.
Whom did Harding appoint to his cabinet, rather than traditional politicians?
Harding appointed businessmen he knew to his cabinet.
What did both Harding and Coolidge believe about the importance of business in politics?
Harding and Coolidge both believed that instead of government interfering in business, government should be run like a business.
What did President Harding do in order to deliver on his promise of running the country like a business?
President Harding supported tax cuts and the country’s first formal budgeting process.
President Harding supported tax cuts and the country’s first formal budgeting process. What impacct did this have
These policies reduced the debt the United States had incurred during World War I.
What happened to US exports as Europe began to recover from the war?
, U.S. exports to the European continent grew fewer.
export
An export is a good or service produced within a country and sold outside of that country’s borders.
imports
goods or services sold within a country produced in another country.
Harding wanted to protect U.S. agriculture and other businesses threatened by lower-priced European imports. So what did he do?
Harding pushed the Emergency Tariff of 1921
Emergency Tariff of 1921
This tariff on imported goods from Europe increased American purchasing power, but it inflated the prices of many goods.
tariff
A tariff is a tax on imported or exported goods.
In the area of foreign policy, Harding worked to preserve peace through international cooperation. His most famous peace effort was the
Washington Disarmament Conference
Washington Disarmament Conference hled when
Washington Disarmament Conference, an international military conference held in the United States between 1921 and 1922. First interntional conference held in America
Armaments
Armaments are the military’s weapons and war supplies.
Did President Harding involve himself with the treaty of versailles
. Part of Harding’s platform was to remain uninvolved with the Treaty of Versailles and the accompanying League of Nations.
What countries atteneded the Washington Disarmament Conference
Eight other countries were invited: China, Japan, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal
What was the main goal of the Washington Disarmament Conference
. The main agenda was to reduce the amount of arms, or weapons, held by countries around the world. Naval vessels were becoming faster, and their weapons more destructive. Countries now had to worry more about threats across the ocean, so peaceful negotiations were vital to prevent war.
Several agreements came out of the Washington Disarmament Conference to enhance peaceful relations in the 1920s. Explain the agreement that targeted warships
One was an agreement among five of the countries to adhere to a specific ratio of large naval ships and their accompanying weaponry. The United States and Britain would each keep only five warships, Japan would keep three, and France and Italy would have one or two each.
Why was the warship agreement important
This was an important agreement because it worked to avoid a race to build up warship supplies.
What were some other agreements from the Washington Disarmament Conference that targeted the pacfic islands, submarines and poisonous gas attacks
: Other important agreements included pacts that respected each country’s land rights in the Pacific Islands, increased regulation on the use of submarines, and outlawed poisonous gas attacks in warfare.
What impact did the Washington Disarmament Conference have on China
Additionally, each of the nine participating countries affirmed that China was a sovereign country, and each country could trade with China as equal and open partners.
What did Harding want to avoid becoming involved with?
Harding did not want to become involved with the Treaty of Versailles or the League of Nations.
What was the Washington Disarmament Conference’s main objective ?
The main objective of the conference was to reduce the number of weapons and other armaments across the globe.
What were some agreements that came out of the conference?
Countries agreed to adhere to a specific ratio of large naval ships and their weaponry. This would help avoid a race to build up warship supplies. Other agreements included land treaties in the Pacific Islands, the affirmation of China as a sovereign nation with trading partners, regulating the use of submarines, and outlawing poisonous gas in wars.
Was the Harding administration controversial
The Harding administration was especially filled with scandal. While Harding was not implicated personally in scandals, some of his trusted advisors were. Harding often turned to personal friends rather than experts for advice and guidance. And, as he himself recognized, this group tended to cause him grief.
From 1920–1923, Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall was involved in a scam that became known as the
Teapot Dome scandal
What was the Teapot Dome scandal
Fall had leased the navy oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and two other sites in California to private oil companies without opening the bidding to other companies. In exchange, the companies gave him $300,000 in cash and bonds, as well as a herd of cattle for his ranch.
What was the outcome of the Teapot Dome scandal
Fall was convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies. He was fined $100,000 and sentenced to a year in prison. It was the first time that a cabinet official had received such a sentence.
What scandal did Harding learn in 1923
In 1923, Harding also learned that the head of the Veterans’ Bureau, Colonel Charles Forbes, had taken most of the $250 million set aside for bureau functions.
What happened to Forbes after his scandal
Harding allowed Forbes to resign and leave the country. However, after the president died, Forbes returned and was tried, convicted, and sentenced to two years in Leavenworth prison.
What happened to Prdient Harding in 1923?
President Harding suffered a heart attack and died in 1923.
President Harding suffered a heart attack and died in 1923. Who became president
Vice President Calvin Coolidge then became president.
What was Coolidge like
Coolidge had a strong belief in the Puritan work ethic: work hard, save your money, keep quiet and listen, and good things will happen to you. Known as “Silent Cal,” he cleaned up the scandals Harding had left.
Though he had assumed the office of the presidency when Harding died, Coolidge still had to run in the election of 1924. How did it go?
He won an easy victory.
Coolidge shared Harding’s determination that the United States should work for world peace. What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact
In 1928, 15 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which essentially made war illegal. Later, an additional 47 nations also signed the agreement.
Did the Kellogg-Briand Pact have a lasting impact
However, like Harding’s Washington Disarmament Conference, the Kellogg-Briand Pact had little effect on preventing future wars.
President Coolidge followed the fiscal policies of Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon. What did these policees do
These policies made Coolidge the only president to turn a legitimate profit in the White House by encouraging the White House staff to spend less money than had been allocated in their budgets.
How did President Coolidge feel about the rich and poor
Coolidge believed the rich were worthy of their property and that poverty was the wage of sin.
How did Coolidge feel about the realtionship between the governent and bussinessmen
Most importantly, Coolidge believed that the government should let businessmen handle their own affairs with as little federal intervention as possible.
To help put his economic principles into effect, he signed two tax revenue bills. What 2 bills did Coolidge sign
Revenue Act of 1924 and Revenue Act of 1926
Revenue Act of 1924
The Revenue Act of 1924 cut the federal tax rate.
Revenue Act of 1926
The Revenue Act of 1926 lowered income taxes and inheritance taxes. It also did away with the gift tax.
What impact did Coolidge Revenue Acts have on the people
Because these bills benefited the rich, they increased the income inequality among social classes.
What impact did Coolidge Revenue Acts have on the stock market
These bills, which put more money into the pockets of the rich, also encouraged risky investments in the stock market. Many rich people who had profited from these policies suffered significant losses in 1929 when the stock market crashed.
