Unit 16 Lesson 1: Return to Normalcy

Question 1

How did American voters feel during the 1920 presidential election

Answer 1

As the presidential election of 1920 began, many American voters sought a new direction. They wanted to move away from Progressive politics.

Question 2

Harding offered what the Republicans desired. What whould he want to do as president

Answer 2

He wanted to advance Republican policies of low taxes, immigration restriction, and noninterference in world affairs. He also practiced laissez-faire theory, He was a candidate who could look and act presidential, yet leave Americans alone to live their lives as they wished.

Question 2

The Republicans found their candidate in

Answer 2

Senator Warren G. Harding from Ohio.

Question 3

What kind of candiate did the republican party present

Answer 3

Republicans responded with a candidate who promised that the country would return to normalcy rather than continue Progressive reforms.

Question 3

how did Republicans feel about the presidential election of 1920

Answer 3

Republicans were anxious to return to the White House after eight years of a democratic president, Woodrow Wilson.

Question 4

laissez-faire theory

Answer 4

which suggested that government should play a very limited role in society. He was a candidate who could look and act presidential, yet leave Americans alone to live their lives as they wished.

Question 5

The Republicans promised a return to what kind of policies

Answer 5

The Republicans promised a return to pro-business policies.

Question 6

How did the election of 1920 go

Answer 6

. Harding and Coolidge won the 1920 election in an overwhelming landslide, with 404 votes to 127 in the Electoral College, and 60 percent of the popular vote.

Question 7

What was Harding’s mission during his presidency?

Answer 7

Harding wanted a return to normalcy by building business and trade.

Question 8

Whom did Harding appoint to his cabinet, rather than traditional politicians?

Answer 8

Harding appointed businessmen he knew to his cabinet.

Question 9

What did both Harding and Coolidge believe about the importance of business in politics?

Answer 9

Harding and Coolidge both believed that instead of government interfering in business, government should be run like a business.

Question 10

What did President Harding do in order to deliver on his promise of running the country like a business?

Answer 10

President Harding supported tax cuts and the country’s first formal budgeting process.

Question 11

President Harding supported tax cuts and the country’s first formal budgeting process. What impacct did this have

Answer 11

These policies reduced the debt the United States had incurred during World War I.

Question 12

What happened to US exports as Europe began to recover from the war?

Answer 12

, U.S. exports to the European continent grew fewer.

Question 13

export

Answer 13

An export is a good or service produced within a country and sold outside of that country’s borders.

Question 14

imports

Answer 14

goods or services sold within a country produced in another country.

Question 15

Harding wanted to protect U.S. agriculture and other businesses threatened by lower-priced European imports. So what did he do?

Answer 15

Harding pushed the Emergency Tariff of 1921

Question 16

Emergency Tariff of 1921

Answer 16

This tariff on imported goods from Europe increased American purchasing power, but it inflated the prices of many goods.

Question 17

tariff

Answer 17

A tariff is a tax on imported or exported goods.

Question 18

In the area of foreign policy, Harding worked to preserve peace through international cooperation. His most famous peace effort was the

Answer 18

Washington Disarmament Conference

Question 19

Washington Disarmament Conference hled when

Answer 19

Washington Disarmament Conference, an international military conference held in the United States between 1921 and 1922. First interntional conference held in America

Question 20

Armaments

Answer 20

Armaments are the military’s weapons and war supplies.

Question 21

Did President Harding involve himself with the treaty of versailles

Answer 21

. Part of Harding’s platform was to remain uninvolved with the Treaty of Versailles and the accompanying League of Nations.

Question 22

What countries atteneded the Washington Disarmament Conference

Answer 22

Eight other countries were invited: China, Japan, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal

Question 23

What was the main goal of the Washington Disarmament Conference

Answer 23

. The main agenda was to reduce the amount of arms, or weapons, held by countries around the world. Naval vessels were becoming faster, and their weapons more destructive. Countries now had to worry more about threats across the ocean, so peaceful negotiations were vital to prevent war.

Question 24

Several agreements came out of the Washington Disarmament Conference to enhance peaceful relations in the 1920s. Explain the agreement that targeted warships

Answer 24

One was an agreement among five of the countries to adhere to a specific ratio of large naval ships and their accompanying weaponry. The United States and Britain would each keep only five warships, Japan would keep three, and France and Italy would have one or two each.

Question 25

Why was the warship agreement important

Answer 25

This was an important agreement because it worked to avoid a race to build up warship supplies.

Question 26

What were some other agreements from the Washington Disarmament Conference that targeted the pacfic islands, submarines and poisonous gas attacks

Answer 26

: Other important agreements included pacts that respected each country’s land rights in the Pacific Islands, increased regulation on the use of submarines, and outlawed poisonous gas attacks in warfare.

Question 27

What impact did the Washington Disarmament Conference have on China

Answer 27

Additionally, each of the nine participating countries affirmed that China was a sovereign country, and each country could trade with China as equal and open partners.

Question 28

What did Harding want to avoid becoming involved with?

Answer 28

Harding did not want to become involved with the Treaty of Versailles or the League of Nations.

Question 29

What was the Washington Disarmament Conference’s main objective ?

Answer 29

The main objective of the conference was to reduce the number of weapons and other armaments across the globe.

Question 30

What were some agreements that came out of the conference?

Answer 30

Countries agreed to adhere to a specific ratio of large naval ships and their weaponry. This would help avoid a race to build up warship supplies. Other agreements included land treaties in the Pacific Islands, the affirmation of China as a sovereign nation with trading partners, regulating the use of submarines, and outlawing poisonous gas in wars.

Question 31

Was the Harding administration controversial

Answer 31

The Harding administration was especially filled with scandal. While Harding was not implicated personally in scandals, some of his trusted advisors were. Harding often turned to personal friends rather than experts for advice and guidance. And, as he himself recognized, this group tended to cause him grief.

Question 32

From 1920–1923, Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall was involved in a scam that became known as the

Answer 32

Teapot Dome scandal

Question 33

What was the Teapot Dome scandal

Answer 33

Fall had leased the navy oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and two other sites in California to private oil companies without opening the bidding to other companies. In exchange, the companies gave him $300,000 in cash and bonds, as well as a herd of cattle for his ranch.

Question 34

What was the outcome of the Teapot Dome scandal

Answer 34

Fall was convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies. He was fined $100,000 and sentenced to a year in prison. It was the first time that a cabinet official had received such a sentence.

Question 35

What scandal did Harding learn in 1923

Answer 35

In 1923, Harding also learned that the head of the Veterans’ Bureau, Colonel Charles Forbes, had taken most of the $250 million set aside for bureau functions.

Question 36

What happened to Forbes after his scandal

Answer 36

Harding allowed Forbes to resign and leave the country. However, after the president died, Forbes returned and was tried, convicted, and sentenced to two years in Leavenworth prison.

Question 37

What happened to Prdient Harding in 1923?

Answer 37

President Harding suffered a heart attack and died in 1923.

Question 38

President Harding suffered a heart attack and died in 1923. Who became president

Answer 38

Vice President Calvin Coolidge then became president.

Question 39

What was Coolidge like

Answer 39

Coolidge had a strong belief in the Puritan work ethic: work hard, save your money, keep quiet and listen, and good things will happen to you. Known as “Silent Cal,” he cleaned up the scandals Harding had left.

Question 40

Though he had assumed the office of the presidency when Harding died, Coolidge still had to run in the election of 1924. How did it go?

Answer 40

He won an easy victory.

Question 41

Coolidge shared Harding’s determination that the United States should work for world peace. What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact

Answer 41

In 1928, 15 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which essentially made war illegal. Later, an additional 47 nations also signed the agreement.

Question 42

Did the Kellogg-Briand Pact have a lasting impact

Answer 42

However, like Harding’s Washington Disarmament Conference, the Kellogg-Briand Pact had little effect on preventing future wars.

Question 43

President Coolidge followed the fiscal policies of Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon. What did these policees do

Answer 43

These policies made Coolidge the only president to turn a legitimate profit in the White House by encouraging the White House staff to spend less money than had been allocated in their budgets.

Question 44

How did President Coolidge feel about the rich and poor

Answer 44

Coolidge believed the rich were worthy of their property and that poverty was the wage of sin.

Question 45

How did Coolidge feel about the realtionship between the governent and bussinessmen

Answer 45

Most importantly, Coolidge believed that the government should let businessmen handle their own affairs with as little federal intervention as possible.

Question 46

To help put his economic principles into effect, he signed two tax revenue bills. What 2 bills did Coolidge sign

Answer 46

Revenue Act of 1924 and Revenue Act of 1926

Question 47

Revenue Act of 1924

Answer 47

The Revenue Act of 1924 cut the federal tax rate.

Question 48

Revenue Act of 1926

Answer 48

The Revenue Act of 1926 lowered income taxes and inheritance taxes. It also did away with the gift tax.

Question 49

What impact did Coolidge Revenue Acts have on the people

Answer 49

Because these bills benefited the rich, they increased the income inequality among social classes.

Question 50

What impact did Coolidge Revenue Acts have on the stock market

Answer 50

These bills, which put more money into the pockets of the rich, also encouraged risky investments in the stock market. Many rich people who had profited from these policies suffered significant losses in 1929 when the stock market crashed.