Unit 6 Lesson 1: Industrial Growth

Question 1

What was the problem with steal before 1856

Answer 1

It is stronger than iron, but was difficult and expensive to produce in large quantities.

Question 2

What was the Bessemer Process

Answer 2

In 1856, an Englishman named Henry Bessemer patented a process for making steel. His Bessemer Process made it possible to produce large quantities of steel cheaply.

Question 3

What was one of the main products made with steel

Answer 3

railroad tracks

Question 4

What was the Pacific Railway Act of 1862

Answer 4

Thanks to the Pacific Railway Act that was passed in 1862, railroad companies had a significant financial incentive to build a connecting line across the sparsely populated central part of the country.

Question 5

Where did the Central Pacific Railroad company start

Answer 5

At the same time, the Central Pacific Railroad company started a line east from Sacramento, California.

Question 5

Where did the Union Pacfic Railroad company begin working

Answer 5

The Union Pacific Railroad company began to build a line west from Omaha, Nebraska.

Question 6

Where did the Central Pacfic Railroad comapny and the Union Pacfic railroad company meet

Answer 6

The two tracks finally met at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869.

Question 7

What was the First Transcontinental Railorad

Answer 7

The Union Pacific Railroad company began to build a line west from Omaha, Nebraska. At the same time, the Central Pacific Railroad company started a line east from Sacramento, California. The two tracks finally met at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869. The resulting First Transcontinental Railroad linked the East and West networks for the first time and made westward migration fast, safe, and inexpensive.

Question 8

What is considered Americas first big business

Answer 8

railroad industry

Question 9

How did the railroad nidustry have an impact on other indsutries

Answer 9

Its existence allowed other industries to develop. Railroads can move heavy loads such as coal, steel, and lumber. Refrigerated cars made it possible to move food products such as meat. Passenger cars moved people and their luggage.

Question 10

What federal law enabled the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad?

Answer 10

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862

Question 11

How was the expansion of the telegraph related to the railroad

Answer 11

The telegraph spread alongside the railroad. Telegraph wires were generally placed alongside railroad tracks. Railroad stations doubled as telegraph depots.

Question 12

What did Alexander Graham Bell paten in 1876

Answer 12

telephone

Question 13

What replaced the telegraph

Answer 13

However, once Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876, it quickly began to replace the telegraph.

Question 14

Describe the growth of the telephone throught the years

Answer 14

By 1880, 50,000 telephones were in use in the United States, including one in the White House. By 1900, that number had increased to 1.35 million.

Question 15

What did Thoms Edison create in 1879?

Answer 15

In 1879, inventor Thomas Edison developed the first electric light bulb and a generator to power it. Within four years, Edison had built hundreds of generator plants in cities around the world.

Question 16

What other inventions did Thomas Edsion make

Answer 16

the phonograph, the motion picture projector, and the mimeograph (a precursor to the modern copy machine).

Question 17

It wasn’t just Edison and Bell who were inventing things, though. Many people were creating new items. Elaborate

Answer 17

in its first decade of existence in 1790, the U.S. Patent Office issued only 270 patents. By 1860, it had issued a total of 60,000 patents. By 1890, it had issued a total of 450,000!

Question 18

Who was Nikola Tesla and what did he do

Answer 18

Nikola Tesla delivered the next stage of electric power by inventing a way to deliver electricity over greater distances. Factories started working around the clock, thus producing more than ever.

Question 19

Who was Andrew Carnegie

Answer 19

In 1873, Andrew Carnegie capitalized on the steel industry. With new steel-making processes, he found a way to produce steel cheaper and faster than ever before.

Question 20

How did the railroad and steel industries contribute to each others’ success?

Answer 20

Railroad tracks were made out of steel, and the railroads then became a way of transporting steel across the country.

Question 21

What contribution did Nikola Tesla make to the field of electric power?

Answer 21

He invented a way to deliver electricity over greater distances.

Question 22

What role did railroads and electricity play in the development of the West?

Answer 22

Factories no longer needed to be located near ports because they could receive raw materials by rail. They also didn’t need to be located near rivers because electricity could be used to power the factory. Cities and factories sprang up near rail lines throughout the West.

Question 23

Did the farm lamor change much though out 1880 and 1900s (Early)

Answer 23

In 1880, fewer than one in seven workers (mostly men) worked in factories. As late as the early 1900s, more than one-half of all Americans still lived and worked on farms.

Question 24

What push factories away form rural water power

Answer 24

However, the development of commercial electricity allowed factories to move away from the rural water power they used to rely on and relocate to cities.

Question 25

In the begning who did industirla jobs

Answer 25

Rural Americans began to follow these jobs into the cities. Newly arrived immigrants were willing to work long hours for low wages just to have jobs.

Question 26

What 3 things transformed American society

Answer 26

Immigration, urbanization, and industrialization transformed the face of American society.

Question 27

From 1880–1920, the nation went from being primarily rural..

Answer 27

to primarily urban.

Question 28

What invetions influnced industial America

Answer 28

Inventions such as the typewriter, the cash register, and the adding machine helped businesses keep up with the rapid pace of growth. The flush toilet began to solve the problem of epidemic diseases that used to plague crowded cities. Tin cans made it possible to store food for long periods of time without spoiling. Clarence Birdseye also developed methods of preserving food by freezing it. Cities housed large numbers of industrial workers, and new technology made city living safer and easier.

Question 29

What factors combined to help the United States move from a mostly rural population to a mostly urban population?

Answer 29

Electricity allowed factories to open in cities, and rural workers followed the jobs. Immigrants also settled in cities, further boosting the urban population.

Question 30

What was the government funded by

Answer 30

For the first 125 years of the nation, the government was almost entirely funded by taxes on businesses.

Question 30

what is a tariff

Answer 30

One of the main types of tax was the tariff. A tariff is a tax on imported goods. While it is not paid directly by the consumer, the cost of the tariff is often factored into the final price of the item.

Question 31

What tariff does the government favor

Answer 31

For much of the 1800s, Republicans in the federal government (and their pro-business predecessors) favored a protective tariff, or an especially high tariff on certain key products.

Question 31

How do tariffs affect foregin competition

Answer 31

In practice, tariffs generally result in higher prices for consumers no matter where the products are made. Without foreign competition, American companies that are trying to increase their profits can charge higher prices than they would otherwise.

Question 31

What is the result of a tariff

Answer 31

The result of a tariff is that an imported good is more expensive than a similar item made in the U.S. This gives Americans an incentive to buy American-made goods.

Question 31

What is the protective tariff

Answer 31

an especially high tariff on certain key products

Question 32

What does the protective tariff do

Answer 32

. By essentially eliminating foreign competition, American producers only had to compete with each other

Question 32

How does the North feel about ht eProtective tariff

Answer 32

In the industrial North, a protective tariff was seen as necessary to establish American industries. , Republicans and wealthy industrialists tended to favor high tariffs

Question 33

How do people in the South feek about oritective tariffs

Answer 33

In the agricultural South, tariffs were blamed for creating artificially high prices and making it difficult to sell agricultural goods abroad. e Democrats and the working class pushed for lower tariffs.

Question 34

Why did the federal government put high tariffs

Answer 34

The federal government added high tariffs to effectively eliminate foreign competition.

Question 35

Rise of depatremnt stores and chin stores

Answer 35

In the big cities of the East, large department stores such as Macy’s and Gimbel’s offered a wide variety of more expensive products. Chain stores such as A&P and Woolworth’s sold less expensive products in populated areas. Even people living in the most rural of places could have options beyond their local dry goods store.

Question 36

What did the Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck & Company do

Answer 36

. Two businesses, Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck & Company, began to showcase their wares in catalogs. Consumers from anywhere in the country could send away for the item of their choice and have it shipped to them by train.

Question 36

How was Aaron Montgomery Ward able to make a profit despite having to ship his products to his customers?

Answer 36

He bought large quantities of products from manufacturers for lower prices. He then passed that savings onto his customers to compensate for the cost of shipping

Question 37

Richard Sears began his company selling what item?

Answer 37

watches

Question 38

How did the Civil War aid the mail order business?

Answer 38

Standardized clothing sizes for men were developed during the Civil War. These sizes were used when ordering men’s clothing through the mail.

Question 38

How did t industrial reveluotion change everday life (in the sense of wahts being sold)

Answer 38

Before the industrial revolution, most household goods were either made at home or purchased locally. Options were limited. Between the new stores and mail order, people suddenly had many more choices than they did before. Advertising took off as businesses competed for customers.

Question 39

What did credit allow people to do

Answer 39

Some businesses offered the option to buy their goods on credit. This allowed people in the middle class to purchase items that previously were only available to the very wealthy.

Question 40

What kind of iterms would be bough on credt

Answer 40

Some items, such as farm equipment and sewing machines, were seen as investments rather than luxuries. Families were more likely to buy these items on credit.

Question 41

What does “Dollar Down, Dollar a Week” mean

Answer 41

For workers earning lower wages, easy credit terms such as “Dollar Down, Dollar a Week” meant that the middle-class lifestyle was within their reach. Of course, it also meant they were in debt.

Question 42

What is the downside of credit

Answer 42

A change in wages, illness, or some other unexpected expense could destroy a household’s finances.

Question 43

What were some benefits and drawbacks to buying items on credit?

Answer 43

Buying on credit allowed families to afford things that were otherwise out of their price range. However, any changes in wages could put the family into financial ruin.

Question 44

What is a thesis

Answer 44

A thesis is a statement of the main idea of a piece of writing. It presents the argument to the reader. The body of the writing provides evidence to support the thesis. For that reason, a thesis is most effective when it is located near the beginning of the essay. In the standard five-paragraph essay, the thesis is often located at the end of the introductory paragraph.

Question 45

As a rule, a strong thesis generally has the following characteristics:

Answer 45

• It should be specific. There should be no doubt about your stance on the issue after someone reads your thesis. A specific thesis will also make it easier to complete your essay, as you will need to spend less time connecting the supporting evidence to a specific thesis.
• It should be an opinion. A thesis is an argument that will be supported by details, but it isn’t a fact itself. “Water is necessary to sustain life” is a fact that doesn’t need to be proven. But “filtered water is healthier than tap water” is an opinion that would need some supporting evidence to be considered true. The latter statement could be part of a thesis.
• It should be concise. A thesis is meant to summarize the writer’s conclusions in a single sentence that is easily read and understood.