Unit 6 Lesson 1: Industrial Growth Flashcards
What was the problem with steal before 1856
It is stronger than iron, but was difficult and expensive to produce in large quantities.
What was the Bessemer Process
In 1856, an Englishman named Henry Bessemer patented a process for making steel. His Bessemer Process made it possible to produce large quantities of steel cheaply.
What was one of the main products made with steel
railroad tracks
What was the Pacific Railway Act of 1862
Thanks to the Pacific Railway Act that was passed in 1862, railroad companies had a significant financial incentive to build a connecting line across the sparsely populated central part of the country.
Where did the Central Pacific Railroad company start
At the same time, the Central Pacific Railroad company started a line east from Sacramento, California.
Where did the Union Pacfic Railroad company begin working
The Union Pacific Railroad company began to build a line west from Omaha, Nebraska.
Where did the Central Pacfic Railroad comapny and the Union Pacfic railroad company meet
The two tracks finally met at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869.
What was the First Transcontinental Railorad
The Union Pacific Railroad company began to build a line west from Omaha, Nebraska. At the same time, the Central Pacific Railroad company started a line east from Sacramento, California. The two tracks finally met at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869. The resulting First Transcontinental Railroad linked the East and West networks for the first time and made westward migration fast, safe, and inexpensive.
What is considered Americas first big business
railroad industry
How did the railroad nidustry have an impact on other indsutries
Its existence allowed other industries to develop. Railroads can move heavy loads such as coal, steel, and lumber. Refrigerated cars made it possible to move food products such as meat. Passenger cars moved people and their luggage.
What federal law enabled the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad?
The Pacific Railway Act of 1862
How was the expansion of the telegraph related to the railroad
The telegraph spread alongside the railroad. Telegraph wires were generally placed alongside railroad tracks. Railroad stations doubled as telegraph depots.
What did Alexander Graham Bell paten in 1876
telephone
What replaced the telegraph
However, once Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876, it quickly began to replace the telegraph.
Describe the growth of the telephone throught the years
By 1880, 50,000 telephones were in use in the United States, including one in the White House. By 1900, that number had increased to 1.35 million.
What did Thoms Edison create in 1879?
In 1879, inventor Thomas Edison developed the first electric light bulb and a generator to power it. Within four years, Edison had built hundreds of generator plants in cities around the world.
What other inventions did Thomas Edsion make
the phonograph, the motion picture projector, and the mimeograph (a precursor to the modern copy machine).
It wasn’t just Edison and Bell who were inventing things, though. Many people were creating new items. Elaborate
in its first decade of existence in 1790, the U.S. Patent Office issued only 270 patents. By 1860, it had issued a total of 60,000 patents. By 1890, it had issued a total of 450,000!
Who was Nikola Tesla and what did he do
Nikola Tesla delivered the next stage of electric power by inventing a way to deliver electricity over greater distances. Factories started working around the clock, thus producing more than ever.
Who was Andrew Carnegie
In 1873, Andrew Carnegie capitalized on the steel industry. With new steel-making processes, he found a way to produce steel cheaper and faster than ever before.
How did the railroad and steel industries contribute to each others’ success?
Railroad tracks were made out of steel, and the railroads then became a way of transporting steel across the country.
What contribution did Nikola Tesla make to the field of electric power?
He invented a way to deliver electricity over greater distances.
What role did railroads and electricity play in the development of the West?
Factories no longer needed to be located near ports because they could receive raw materials by rail. They also didn’t need to be located near rivers because electricity could be used to power the factory. Cities and factories sprang up near rail lines throughout the West.
Did the farm lamor change much though out 1880 and 1900s (Early)
In 1880, fewer than one in seven workers (mostly men) worked in factories. As late as the early 1900s, more than one-half of all Americans still lived and worked on farms.
What push factories away form rural water power
However, the development of commercial electricity allowed factories to move away from the rural water power they used to rely on and relocate to cities.
In the begning who did industirla jobs
Rural Americans began to follow these jobs into the cities. Newly arrived immigrants were willing to work long hours for low wages just to have jobs.
What 3 things transformed American society
Immigration, urbanization, and industrialization transformed the face of American society.
From 1880–1920, the nation went from being primarily rural..
to primarily urban.
What invetions influnced industial America
Inventions such as the typewriter, the cash register, and the adding machine helped businesses keep up with the rapid pace of growth. The flush toilet began to solve the problem of epidemic diseases that used to plague crowded cities. Tin cans made it possible to store food for long periods of time without spoiling. Clarence Birdseye also developed methods of preserving food by freezing it. Cities housed large numbers of industrial workers, and new technology made city living safer and easier.
What factors combined to help the United States move from a mostly rural population to a mostly urban population?
Electricity allowed factories to open in cities, and rural workers followed the jobs. Immigrants also settled in cities, further boosting the urban population.
What was the government funded by
For the first 125 years of the nation, the government was almost entirely funded by taxes on businesses.
what is a tariff
One of the main types of tax was the tariff. A tariff is a tax on imported goods. While it is not paid directly by the consumer, the cost of the tariff is often factored into the final price of the item.
What tariff does the government favor
For much of the 1800s, Republicans in the federal government (and their pro-business predecessors) favored a protective tariff, or an especially high tariff on certain key products.
How do tariffs affect foregin competition
In practice, tariffs generally result in higher prices for consumers no matter where the products are made. Without foreign competition, American companies that are trying to increase their profits can charge higher prices than they would otherwise.
What is the result of a tariff
The result of a tariff is that an imported good is more expensive than a similar item made in the U.S. This gives Americans an incentive to buy American-made goods.
What is the protective tariff
an especially high tariff on certain key products
What does the protective tariff do
. By essentially eliminating foreign competition, American producers only had to compete with each other
How does the North feel about ht eProtective tariff
In the industrial North, a protective tariff was seen as necessary to establish American industries. , Republicans and wealthy industrialists tended to favor high tariffs
How do people in the South feek about oritective tariffs
In the agricultural South, tariffs were blamed for creating artificially high prices and making it difficult to sell agricultural goods abroad. e Democrats and the working class pushed for lower tariffs.
Why did the federal government put high tariffs
The federal government added high tariffs to effectively eliminate foreign competition.
Rise of depatremnt stores and chin stores
In the big cities of the East, large department stores such as Macy’s and Gimbel’s offered a wide variety of more expensive products. Chain stores such as A&P and Woolworth’s sold less expensive products in populated areas. Even people living in the most rural of places could have options beyond their local dry goods store.
What did the Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck & Company do
. Two businesses, Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck & Company, began to showcase their wares in catalogs. Consumers from anywhere in the country could send away for the item of their choice and have it shipped to them by train.
How was Aaron Montgomery Ward able to make a profit despite having to ship his products to his customers?
He bought large quantities of products from manufacturers for lower prices. He then passed that savings onto his customers to compensate for the cost of shipping
Richard Sears began his company selling what item?
watches
How did the Civil War aid the mail order business?
Standardized clothing sizes for men were developed during the Civil War. These sizes were used when ordering men’s clothing through the mail.
How did t industrial reveluotion change everday life (in the sense of wahts being sold)
Before the industrial revolution, most household goods were either made at home or purchased locally. Options were limited. Between the new stores and mail order, people suddenly had many more choices than they did before. Advertising took off as businesses competed for customers.
What did credit allow people to do
Some businesses offered the option to buy their goods on credit. This allowed people in the middle class to purchase items that previously were only available to the very wealthy.
What kind of iterms would be bough on credt
Some items, such as farm equipment and sewing machines, were seen as investments rather than luxuries. Families were more likely to buy these items on credit.
What does “Dollar Down, Dollar a Week” mean
For workers earning lower wages, easy credit terms such as “Dollar Down, Dollar a Week” meant that the middle-class lifestyle was within their reach. Of course, it also meant they were in debt.
What is the downside of credit
A change in wages, illness, or some other unexpected expense could destroy a household’s finances.
What were some benefits and drawbacks to buying items on credit?
Buying on credit allowed families to afford things that were otherwise out of their price range. However, any changes in wages could put the family into financial ruin.
What is a thesis
A thesis is a statement of the main idea of a piece of writing. It presents the argument to the reader. The body of the writing provides evidence to support the thesis. For that reason, a thesis is most effective when it is located near the beginning of the essay. In the standard five-paragraph essay, the thesis is often located at the end of the introductory paragraph.
As a rule, a strong thesis generally has the following characteristics:
- It should be specific. There should be no doubt about your stance on the issue after someone reads your thesis. A specific thesis will also make it easier to complete your essay, as you will need to spend less time connecting the supporting evidence to a specific thesis.
- It should be an opinion. A thesis is an argument that will be supported by details, but it isn’t a fact itself. “Water is necessary to sustain life” is a fact that doesn’t need to be proven. But “filtered water is healthier than tap water” is an opinion that would need some supporting evidence to be considered true. The latter statement could be part of a thesis.
- It should be concise. A thesis is meant to summarize the writer’s conclusions in a single sentence that is easily read and understood.
