Unit 4 Lesson 5: Tumult and Transformations Flashcards
What was the antebellum period
American society before the Civil War, a time known as the antebellum period
Reform efforts in the antebellum era sprang from the Protestant religious movement; what was this religous movement
Second Great Awakening
What was the Second Great Awakening about
The movement emphasized an emotional style of Christianity where sinners confronted their sins before being “born again.”
The Second Great Awakening caused a religous fervor elaborate
The religious fervor spread like wildfire. Church membership doubled, missionaries fanned out across the United States, and some slaveholders even encouraged enslaved people to become Christians.
What did Purtains belive in in contrat to ministers of the Second great awkaening. What was predestion
In their teachings, the ministers of the Second Great Awakening rejected the Puritan idea of predestination. Puritans believed that God chose only a select few who would reach Heaven, and that people could do nothing in this life to determine their salvation.
In their teachings, the ministers of the Second Great Awakening rejected the Puritan idea of predestination. What did the minsiters belive in
In contrast, ministers of the Second Great Awakening preached personal salvation, arguing that it was possible to improve oneself and enter Heaven by making virtuous choices.
Who was Charles Grandison Finney
The most prominent figure from this movement was Charles Grandison Finney. He led large revival meetings in Pennsylvania and New York.
Where in the sermon does Finney reject predestination and a lack of free will?
Finney uses words and phrases such as “moral agency,” “He gives you the power to obey,” and “sin is their own voluntary act.” He states that people make their own choices about how to act.
What does Finney argue is the only way for people to improve their lives and reach Heaven?
: Finney states that a person has to decide to do good.
What did people impacted by the Great Awakening want to do to soceity
Most people influenced by the movement wanted to reform society. But a smaller group of people thought society was beyond repair.
Most people influenced by the movement wanted to reform society. But a smaller group of people thought society was beyond repair. What was the response to this
As a response, they formed utopian communities.
What are utopian communities?
These communities wanted to create “perfect” societies and a new social order. Oftentimes they isolated themselves and started new lives as these utopian societies.
What beliefs did Utopian groups share
Utopian groups shared the belief that the industrial, fast-moving society of the Jacksonian Age was damaging spiritual life.
utopian communitiy Rappites what were there beliefs
all goods held in common
no private property
utopian communitiy Shakers what were there beliefs
- men and women considered equal
- no private property
- prohibited marriage and children
- self-sufficient: grew their own food, made what was necessary
utopian communitiy Oneida Community what were there beliefs
- complex marriage: men and women allowed to marry multiple people
- no private property
utopian communitiy Brook Farm what were there beliefs
- communal living: people share income and property
- men and women paid equally
utopian communitiy Mormons what were there beliefs
- attempt to recapture purity of original Christian Church
- families should be led by father
- stressed hard work and discipline
- polygamy: men allowed to marry multiple women
How were the beliefs of the various communities similar?
: Many of the communities rejected private property or believed in some form of communal living. Many groups also opposed traditional marriage and the secondary role of women.
The antebellum age also sparked intellectual movements. What was transcendentalism?
transcendentalism, which emerged in the 1820s. At its core, it was a rejection of the Enlightenment beliefs of people like John Locke. Locke and others argued that all knowledge was discovered rationally, and that the world could be understood only through careful scientific observation.
What did transecdentalists belive in
Transcendentalists believed there was an irrational, spiritual, or mystical element to human existence. This element could not be proven, but transcendentalists argued it existed. People could attain this deeper understanding only by “transcending” their ordinary senses.
How did Transcendentalists feels about antebllum society
Transcendentalists were critical of antebellum society. They believed industrialization was creating conformity and dependency. They thought these conditions created a country where people blindly did what they were told and could not fend for themselves.
Instead of a antebellum society what did Transcendentalists belive in
Instead, transcendentalists believed in individualism and self-reliance. Along with these traits, transcendentalists stressed that true spirituality could be found only by connecting with nature.
Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson
Best known of the transcendentalists was Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose essay “Nature” was instrumental to the movement.
Who was Henery David Thoreau (transcerdtal bleiefs)
Henry David Thoreau was also a notable figure. His 1849 lecture in response to the Mexican-American War and slavery, “Civil Disobedience,” urged Americans to stand up to governmental injustice. In 1854, he published Walden, a book about the two years he spent living in a secluded cabin.
Who was Poet Walt Whitman (transedeincal beliefs)
. Poet Walt Whitman also added to the movement. His 1855 publication Leaves of Grass celebrated the individual.
How much did the average american drink a year
In the early 1800s, the average American consumed six gallons of distilled alcohol a year, more than three times the current rate.
How did achool reformers view alchool
Many reformers viewed excessive alcohol consumption as a major national problem that damaged morality and social order. They linked drunkenness with crime and argued that alcohol destroyed family life.
What was the temperance movement
As a result, the quest to slow down or end alcohol consumption, known as the temperance movement, became the largest reform effort of the era.
Who were the members of the temperance societes
Dozens of temperance societies were organized by mostly middle-class Americans, many with women as members.
What tactics were used during the temperance movement
The movement used a variety of tactics, including signing pledges, creating children’s organizations, and using pictures, pamphlets, lectures, and even songs to make their point.
What was the tmeperance movement
The movement proved to be successful. By the 1840s, alcohol consumption had been cut in half.
Who was Sylvester Graham wha has his role in nutriton refromers
Sylvester Graham became a leading health reformer who combined his ideas about temperance and vegetarianism into a “Science of Human Life.” To combat the health problems of the era, Graham urged people to follow a strict diet of vegetables, fruits, and grains. They were also to abstain from alcohol, meat, and spices. The still-popular graham cracker was inspired by his ideas.
Who was Reformer Horace Mann and how did he see education
Reformer Horace Mann set his sights on American education. Although tax-supported free public education was slowly spreading throughout the North (it was severely lacking in the South), school years were short, teachers were not trained, and few skills beyond reading, writing, and math were taught.
What plan did Mann develop in response to “bad” schols quality
Mann developed a plan for an expanded curriculum, teacher training, and a longer school year. His ideas remain influential in American education.
Who was Dorothea Dix? and how was mental illness viewed at the time
Dorothea Dix targeted mental health issues. At the time, people with what was broadly called “insanity” were treated cruelly. Many believed these people were cursed. As a result, instead of receiving medical care, they were jailed or put in poorhouses.
How did Dix change the way people view mental illness
Dix traveled the country, wrote a report, and petitioned Massachusetts to reform its laws. Her work began to change how America viewed mental illness—not as a curse, but a treatable illness.
What was an early an opoular solution to end slavery?
An early and popular solution to end slavery was colonization, or the movement to relocate African Americans out of the country.
What was the American Colonization Society (ACS).
leading organzaions advocating for the movement to relocate African Americans out of the country
What did the American Colonization Society (ACS) bleieve
Although the group opposed slavery, members of the ACS did not believe whites and African Americans could live together. As a result, the group raised money and played a major role in founding the African country of Libera with the purpose of relocating African Americans to its shores.
What were the supporters of the movement to move african americans to another country called
Supporters of this movement, as well as others such as outlawing slavery in new territories, were gradualists. Gradualists hoped to end slavery slowly using the legal and political system.
What might be the benefits and drawbacks of a gradualist approach to ending slavery?
Benefits might be that it would be less disruptive and controversial if slavery ended slowly. Drawbacks would be that it allowed an immoral system to continue.
Who were abolitinists
members of the abolitionist movement (those working actively to end slavery) were immediatists
Who were immediatists
they wanted to end slavery quickly.
who was William Lloyd Garrison
William Lloyd Garrison, a white man from Massachusetts, was a leader of the abolitionist movement.
What did William Lloyd Garrison do
In 1831, he started the The Liberator, which became an important anti-slavery newspaper. Garrison also founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. Its 250,000 members opposed colonization.
What did abolitionist belive
They wanted a nonviolent end to slavery and a society where all races could live in peace.
What was moral suasion
Influenced by the religious awakening of the time, Garrison and other abolitionists used moral suasion, or the appeal to morality in order to influence a change in behavior. Dramatic narratives about slavery highlighted how the institution destroyed families. The Liberator and others published hundreds of works that utilized moral suasion
What was the liberty party?
The Liberty Party was founded in 1840. It was a political party running on an abolitionist message. Although it had little electoral success, many of its members later joined the more successful Republican Party.
Wo was Fedrick Douglass
Frederick Douglass was one of many escaped enslaved people who joined the abolitionist movement. He used his firsthand experiences to give powerful lectures about the evils of slavery and published Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass in 1845. Douglass also published his own abolitionist newspaper, The North Star, in which he told stories of how slavery destroyed families—both African American and white.
Who was David Walker
David Walker was a free African American man born in North Carolina. In the 1820s, he moved to Boston, where he lectured on slavery and promoted the first African American newspaper, Freedom’s Journal.
How did David Walkers views contrast Garrisons
Unlike Garrison, Walker called for African Americans to actively resist slavery and to use violence if necessary.
How did David Walker view colonization
In 1829, he published An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in which he denounced colonization and urged African Americans to act against racism.
How did slaves show resistance
Enslaved people often deliberately worked at a slow pace, stole food and other goods from slaveholders, and sabotaged costly equipment, which brought work to a halt as tedious repairs were undertaken.
What was the underground railroad
Throughout the antebellum period, a network of whites and free African Americans created a network known as the Underground Railroad.
Who was Harriet Tubman
Aided by women such as Harriet Tubman, a former slave who helped hundreds escape, thousands of runaways were led from safe house to safe house through the South until they finally found freedom in the North or even Canada. Tubman helped more than 300 people gain their freedom.
What was one of the first slave reblions
One of the earliest known revolts was the Stono rebellion of 1739.
What happened during the Stono reblion
During the rebellion, a literate enslaved person named Jemmy led an insurrection, killing several colonists before it was stopped. In the aftermath, South Carolina passed a strict series of slave codes that barred enslaved people from assembling, learning to write, and traveling freely.
How did Nat Turner’s rebellion come to be
A second notable rebellion happened in 1831 Virginia. Inspired by Christianity, an enslaved man named Nat Turner convinced more than 70 enslaved people to take up arms against their captors.
What happened during Nat Turner’s rebellion
As many as 65 slaveholders and their families were killed. Nat Turner’s rebellion led to a panic in South.
What was a result of Nat Turners rebeliion
These rebellions caused more slave states to strengthen rules and further increased the sectional divide between the North and South.
What it like for women
But they were also seen as the moral guardians of the country and the home. Thus, some upper-class women were able to use their “morality” to point out societal problems and propose solutions. Women were active in reforms such as temperance (as alcoholism was thought to directly impact the family), education (as it impacted children), and health care.
What was the Seneca Fals Convetion and the Declartion of indepednce
The first Seneca Falls Convention in New York was perhaps the height of the antebellum women’s rights movement. Signed at the convention was the Declaration of Sentiments, which directly mirrored the Declaration of Independence.
