Sleep and hypnotics second half 1.0

Question 2

Changes in NREM sleep?

Answer 2

muscle tension reduced, temp lowered, energy consumption lowered, more parasympathetic activity

Question 3

What area of the brain is important for control of sleep?

Answer 3

Reticular activating system

Question 4

What are thalamo-cortical inputs used for?

Answer 4

controlling sleep

Question 5

What happens if you stimulate the reticular activating system in the brainstem?

Answer 5

wake up an animal

Question 6

Which brain areas make up the reticular activating system?

Answer 6

Locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, brainstem/forebrain, midbrain

Question 7

What are all the areas that are part of the RAS involved in?

Answer 7

Amine NT secretion

Question 8

Increased firing of the RAS neurons is associated with?

Answer 8

waking up

Question 9

Decreased firing of the RAS neurons is associated with?

Answer 9

falling asleep

Question 10

Amine NT associated with locus coeruleus?

Answer 10

noradrenaline

Question 11

Amine NT associated with raphe nuclei?

Answer 11

serotonin

Question 12

Amine NT associated with brianstem/forebrain?

Answer 12

ACh

Question 13

Amine NT associated with midbrain?

Answer 13

histamine

Question 14

What is the activity of the RAS regulated by?

Answer 14

Hypothalamus

Question 15

Which neuropeptide is expressed in the hypothalamus that helps regulate the RAS?

Answer 15

orexin

Question 16

What does orexin do?

Answer 16

Stimulates RAS activity

Question 17

What causes decreased firing of RAS neurons

Answer 17

GABA

Question 18

What are “REM on” neurons?

Answer 18

cholinergic neurons in the brainstem

Question 19

What are “REM off” neurons?

Answer 19

Serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem

Question 20

RAS-thalamus-cortical interactions of an awake brain?

Answer 20

Awake–> RAS activates thalamus–> thalamus generates non-rhythmic activity–> cortex entrained into fast waking activity

Question 21

RAS thalamus cortical interactions of an asleep brain?

Answer 21

Asleep–> RAS activity switched off–> thalamus generates rhythmic activity–> coretex entrained into slow sleep rhythms

Question 22

Symptoms of insomnia?

Answer 22

Difficulty getting to sleep, difficulty staying asleep or feeling sleepy when having had sleep

Question 23

Which NT do drugs that can help you sleep target?

Answer 23

GABA

Question 24

Why is GABA targeted by sleepy drugs?

Answer 24

GABA can inhibit the RAS,

Question 25

What is decreased activity of RAS associated with?

Answer 25

Falling asleep

Question 26

What kind of modulators of GABAa are benzodiazepines?

Answer 26

allosteric

Question 27

Nitrazepam and flurazepam are?

Answer 27

Long acting benzodiazepines

Question 28

Loprazelam and temazepam are?

Answer 28

Short acting benzodiazepines

Question 29

What differentiates the acting time of benzodiazepines used to treat sleep issues?

Answer 29

The metabolism time of them (short acting are metabolized quickly)

Question 30

What are the Z drugs?

Answer 30

Zolpidem, zolpiclone, zalpeon

Question 31

Action of z drugs?

Answer 31

bind at GABA and enhance endogenous activity of GABA

Question 32

What are orexin antagonists used for?

Answer 32

hypnotics

Question 33

Where is melatonin secreted from?

Answer 33

pineal gland

Question 34

What does melatonin regulate?

Answer 34

circadian rhythms

Question 35

Rising melatonin levels means?

Answer 35

Need to go to sleep

Question 36

Narcolepsy?

Answer 36

Pathological increase in sleep, sudden onset of sleep and sudden loss of motor control

Question 37

What may cause narcolepsy?

Answer 37

Reduced numbers of orexin neurons, loss of RAS activation