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SL22044 Neuroscience > Neurology and mental health > Flashcards

Neurology and mental health Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

acquisition of new information or knowledge

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

storage or retention of acquired knowledge

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3
Q

What is an engram?

A

physical representation or location of memory, a collection of neurones

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4
Q

What are the three classificaitons of memory?

A

Declarative, emotional, procedural

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5
Q

Examples of declarative memory?

A

Daily episodes (remembering address), words and meanings, history

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6
Q

Example of emotional memory?

A

Preferences/aversions–> things we do/dont like depending on past expiriences

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7
Q

Examples of procedural memory?

A

Motor skills, solving puzzles, priming cues, association and linking

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8
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in memory?

A

All

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9
Q

Which brain regions involve emotional memories?

A

Amygdala, hypothalamus

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10
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for motor memory?

A

Cerebellum (used for playing instrument riding bike etc)

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11
Q

Which type of the brain is involved in declarative memories?

A

Hippocampus, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex

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12
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in procedural memories?

A

Cerebellum, striatum, brainstem and spinal motor output

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13
Q

Which brain area is seen as a hub of learning and memory?

A

Hippocampus

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14
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

inability to form new memories/learn new things

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15
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Can’t recall things

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16
Q

What is working memory?

A

Short term memory

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17
Q

Order of solidifying a memory?

A

Input–> short term (working) memory–> long term memory

18
Q

What is Hebbs law?

A

If there are two connected neurons in the brain, and one repetitively fires APs onto the other (and vice versa), the synapse that connects them becomes permanently stronger

19
Q

What kinds of memories does the engram theory work with?

A

All of them

20
Q

In terms of an engram, what is short term memory?

A

Reverberating activity between synapses

21
Q

What does reverberating activity between synapses do to them?

A

Strengthens them

22
Q

What happens once synapses between neurons reverberate enough?

A

The synapses become permanently strengthened, thus creating a long term memory

23
Q

Why does only part of a stimulus need to be viewed for an engram to be activated?

A

Part of the stimulus only triggers a few neurons, but bc they have strengthened synapses they will all end up firing APs

24
Q

What are all memories down to?

A

Strengthening synapses

25
Q

Which brain area has been the focus of most of research in synaptic strengthening?

A

Hippocampus/entorhinal cortex

26
Q

Which type of NT neurons are involved in memories?

A

Glutamatergic

27
Q

How is synapse strengthening studied?

A

Stimulate axons in the entorhinal cortex that innervate the hippocampus, causing them to fire APs. Can record membrane potential of postsynaptic neuron

28
Q

How does a synapse get stronger?

A

If a burst of activity happens in the presynaptic neuron (100APs in 100miliseconds) the strength of the synapse is increased–> there is a potentiated AMPAr EPSP which lasts forever–> a larger EPSP as a result of more APs being fired down

29
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

Increase in the strength of a synapse after repeated stimulation–> lasts long term

30
Q

What is a tetanus?

A

A high frequency burst of APs

31
Q

What is the memory response caused by?

A

Opening of AMPA receptors

32
Q

What happens if NMDA receptors are blocked during memory formation/synapse strengthening?

A

The potentiated EPSP doesnt occur (LTP doesnt form)

33
Q

What happens if Ca2+ entry via NMDA receptors is limited during synapse strengthening?

A

The LTP doesnt occur

34
Q

Where is the change that allows a LTP to form?

A

AMPA receptor

35
Q

Where is the change to AMPA receptors caused by?

A

NMDA receptors

36
Q

State of NMDA receptor pore at normal membrane potential?

A

Blocked by Mg2+

37
Q

What are NMDA receptors permeable to?

A

Ca2+ and Na+ both going in

38
Q

How is an LTP manifested postsynaptically?

A

Intracellular AMPA receptors get trafficked to CSM, the AMPA receptors are more sensitive and there is more synapses

39
Q

How is an LTP manifested presynaptically?

A

Increased release of NT, more release sites and more vesicles

40
Q
A

SL22044 Neuroscience (34 decks)

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